An understanding of the production and cost technology of higher education institutions
is of considerable policy interest as it motivates the structure of the sector—how large universities
should be, and what mix of outputs they should produce. We review the literature and, using data for English institutions in 2013–14, apply appropriate frontier methods to model the structure of costs in this diverse sector. In doing so, we uncover information about the returns to scale and scope within the higher education sector: in particular, the class of institutions comprising larger research-intensive universities and small specialist institutions could benefit from further concentrating postgraduate and research activity. We find that the universities comprising the English higher education sector are largely efficient (measured relative to observed practices) and that there is little scope for gains in technical efficiency from allocating resources on the basis of efficiency scores.