Rights statement: This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Environmental Science and Technology, copyright ©2019 American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b03166
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Final published version
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Development and Application of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Technique for Measuring Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals in Natural Waters
AU - Fang, Z.
AU - Li, K.
AU - Li, Y.
AU - Zhang, H.
AU - Jones, K.C.
AU - Liu, X.
AU - Liu, S.
AU - Ma, L.Q.
AU - Luo, J.
N1 - This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Environmental Science and Technology, copyright ©2019 American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b03166
PY - 2019/10/1
Y1 - 2019/10/1
N2 - Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are widely distributed in the aquatic environment and have attracted recent attention due to their potential for environmental effects. A robust and reliable in situ passive sampling approach, the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, is developed here to measure 14 psychiatric pharmaceuticals. A new binding material, mixed-mode cation exchange resin (Poly-Sery MCX, 40 μm, CNW, Germany), was used for the first time in DGT and compared to XAD and HLB. Reliable elution efficiencies of the pharmaceuticals from the binding gels were obtained in methanol/ammonia, and diffusion coefficients for all the compounds were determined. The influence of diffusive layer thickness (0.515–2.015 mm), deployment time (3–168 h), and important environmental conditions—pH (3.02–9.45), ionic strength (0.0001–0.5 M), and dissolved organic matter (0–20 mg L–1)—were evaluated. The capacity of XAD, HLB, and MCX gels for binding all the test pharmaceuticals was ∼335 μg per disc, meaning that DGT could theoretically be deployed for over 30 months if there are no competitive effects or confounding factors. The uptake kinetics of psychiatric pharmaceuticals onto MCX gel were much faster than those onto XAD and HLB gels in the first hour. DGT measured concentrations of test pharmaceuticals at two sample points in a river (over 6 days) were comparable to those obtained by grab sampling. This study demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of DGT for measuring psychiatric pharmaceuticals across a wide range of freshwater conditions found in the natural environment.
AB - Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are widely distributed in the aquatic environment and have attracted recent attention due to their potential for environmental effects. A robust and reliable in situ passive sampling approach, the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, is developed here to measure 14 psychiatric pharmaceuticals. A new binding material, mixed-mode cation exchange resin (Poly-Sery MCX, 40 μm, CNW, Germany), was used for the first time in DGT and compared to XAD and HLB. Reliable elution efficiencies of the pharmaceuticals from the binding gels were obtained in methanol/ammonia, and diffusion coefficients for all the compounds were determined. The influence of diffusive layer thickness (0.515–2.015 mm), deployment time (3–168 h), and important environmental conditions—pH (3.02–9.45), ionic strength (0.0001–0.5 M), and dissolved organic matter (0–20 mg L–1)—were evaluated. The capacity of XAD, HLB, and MCX gels for binding all the test pharmaceuticals was ∼335 μg per disc, meaning that DGT could theoretically be deployed for over 30 months if there are no competitive effects or confounding factors. The uptake kinetics of psychiatric pharmaceuticals onto MCX gel were much faster than those onto XAD and HLB gels in the first hour. DGT measured concentrations of test pharmaceuticals at two sample points in a river (over 6 days) were comparable to those obtained by grab sampling. This study demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of DGT for measuring psychiatric pharmaceuticals across a wide range of freshwater conditions found in the natural environment.
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.9b03166
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.9b03166
M3 - Journal article
VL - 53
SP - 11223
EP - 11231
JO - Environmental Science and Technology
JF - Environmental Science and Technology
SN - 0013-936X
IS - 19
ER -