TY - JOUR

T1 - Formation of non-extractable pesticide residues: observations on compound differences, measurement and regulatory issues.

AU - Mordaunt, Catriona J.

AU - Gevao, Bondi

AU - Jones, Kevin C.

AU - Semple, Kirk T.

PY - 2005/1

Y1 - 2005/1

N2 - Six major use pesticides (Atrazine, Dicamba, Isoproturon, Lindane, Paraquat and Trifluralin) with differing physico-chemical properties were evaluated for the significance of `bound' or non extractable residue formation. Investigations were carried out in purpose-built microcosms where mineralization, volatilisation, `soil water' extractable and organic solvent extractable residues could be quantified. Extractable residues were defined as those accessible by sequential extraction where the solvent used became increasingly non-polar. Dichloromethane was the `harshest' solvent used at the end of the sequential extraction procedure. C-14- labelled volatilised and (CO2)-C-14 fractions were trapped on exit from the microcosm. The pesticides were categorised into 3 classes based on their behaviour. (i) Type A (Atrazine, Lindane and Trifluralin) in which ring degradation was limited as was the formation of non-extractable residues; the remainder of the C-14-activity was found in the extractable fraction. (ii) Type B (Dicamba and Isoproturon) in which approximately 25% of the C-14-activity was mineralised and a large portion was found in the non-extractable fraction after 91 days. Finally, Type C (Paraquat) in which almost all of the C-14-activity was quickly incorporated into the non-extractable fraction. The implications of the data are discussed, with respect to the variability and significance of regulatory aspects of non-extractable residues. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AB - Six major use pesticides (Atrazine, Dicamba, Isoproturon, Lindane, Paraquat and Trifluralin) with differing physico-chemical properties were evaluated for the significance of `bound' or non extractable residue formation. Investigations were carried out in purpose-built microcosms where mineralization, volatilisation, `soil water' extractable and organic solvent extractable residues could be quantified. Extractable residues were defined as those accessible by sequential extraction where the solvent used became increasingly non-polar. Dichloromethane was the `harshest' solvent used at the end of the sequential extraction procedure. C-14- labelled volatilised and (CO2)-C-14 fractions were trapped on exit from the microcosm. The pesticides were categorised into 3 classes based on their behaviour. (i) Type A (Atrazine, Lindane and Trifluralin) in which ring degradation was limited as was the formation of non-extractable residues; the remainder of the C-14-activity was found in the extractable fraction. (ii) Type B (Dicamba and Isoproturon) in which approximately 25% of the C-14-activity was mineralised and a large portion was found in the non-extractable fraction after 91 days. Finally, Type C (Paraquat) in which almost all of the C-14-activity was quickly incorporated into the non-extractable fraction. The implications of the data are discussed, with respect to the variability and significance of regulatory aspects of non-extractable residues. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

KW - availability

KW - extractability

KW - degradation

KW - bound residues

U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.018

DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.018

M3 - Journal article

VL - 133

SP - 25

EP - 34

JO - Environmental Pollution

JF - Environmental Pollution

SN - 0269-7491

IS - 1

ER -