The chapter outlines two challenges - developments in national and organisational level productivity - and explains some of the main factors involved in organisation level productivity. It links the national and organisational agendas by drawing attention to areas such as the role of skills in improving productivity. It uses a range of different productivity challenges across several sectors including supermarkets, fast food, oil and energy, aerospace, nuclear sector, healthcare, and on-demand business models. It discusses three important contextual factors that HRM research will have to take into account: the role of time in the HRM-Productivity challenge; the relationship between productivity, HRM, and risk; and the importance of understanding the most appropriate level of analysis question in examining the relationship between HRM and productivity.