This chapter presents a literature review of the main advances in the field of hyper-heuristics, since the publication of a survey paper in 2013. The chapter demonstrates the most recent advances in hyper-heuristic foundations, methodologies, theory, and application areas. In addition, a simple illustrative selection hyper-heuristic framework is developed as a case study. This is based on the well-known Iterated Local Search algorithm and is presented to provide a tutorial style introduction to some of the key basic issues. A brief discussion about the implementation process in addition to the decisions that had to be made during the implementation is presented. The framework implements an action selection model that operates on the perturbation stage of the Iterated Local Search algorithm to adaptively select among various low-level perturbation heuristics. The performance and efficiency of the developed framework is evaluated across six well-known real-world problem domains. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved.