Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions and functions in nature. Their chemical, electrical, optical and paramagnetic properties offering opportunities for application in materials science for a range of medical and technical applications. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate our achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs).