TY - JOUR

T1 - Monitoring volcanoes

T2 - a review

AU - Pinkerton, Harry

PY - 2011

Y1 - 2011

N2 - Minimising risk in volcanic regions involves a number of inter-related studies. The collection of historical data on previous eruptions is the first step, followed by detailed mapping around the volcano. The resulting volcanic hazard map can be used during volcanic crises to minimise casualties. The range of tools currently deployed on volcanoes include seismometers, a range of gas monitoring equipment, ground deformation equipment including differential GPS, borehole strainmeters, thermal imaging cameras, micro-gravimeters, magnetometers, laser scanners, radar scanners and magnetotelluric equipment to create sub-volcanic images based on electrical conductivity. Satellites are also becoming more important, and new techniques involving solid state sensors may have a significant role to play in the future. Case studies confirm the usefulness of each of these techniques, though, even in well-monitored volcanoes, some eruptions take place without detectable precursors. To minimise the possibility of unexpected eruptions in the future will require both increased instrumentation and the application of methodologies such as advanced neural networks and expert solicitation.

AB - Minimising risk in volcanic regions involves a number of inter-related studies. The collection of historical data on previous eruptions is the first step, followed by detailed mapping around the volcano. The resulting volcanic hazard map can be used during volcanic crises to minimise casualties. The range of tools currently deployed on volcanoes include seismometers, a range of gas monitoring equipment, ground deformation equipment including differential GPS, borehole strainmeters, thermal imaging cameras, micro-gravimeters, magnetometers, laser scanners, radar scanners and magnetotelluric equipment to create sub-volcanic images based on electrical conductivity. Satellites are also becoming more important, and new techniques involving solid state sensors may have a significant role to play in the future. Case studies confirm the usefulness of each of these techniques, though, even in well-monitored volcanoes, some eruptions take place without detectable precursors. To minimise the possibility of unexpected eruptions in the future will require both increased instrumentation and the application of methodologies such as advanced neural networks and expert solicitation.

M3 - Journal article

VL - 60

SP - 245

EP - 260

JO - Kosmos - Problemy nauk biologicznych

JF - Kosmos - Problemy nauk biologicznych

IS - 3-4

ER -