Final published version
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Raman spectroscopy of natural bone and synthetic apatites
AU - Khan, A.F.
AU - Awais, M.
AU - Khan, A.S.
AU - Tabassum, S.
AU - Chaudhry, A.A.
AU - Rehman, I.U.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Raman spectroscopy of natural bones and hydroxyapatites is described. In addition, how Raman spectroscopy has proved crucial in providing baseline data for the modification of synthetic apatite powders that are routinely used now as bone replacement materials is explained. It is important to understand the chemical structural properties of natural bone. Bone consists of two primary components: an inorganic or mineral phase, which is mainly a carbonated form of a nanoscale crystalline calcium phosphate, closely resembling hydroxyapatite, and an organic phase, which is composed largely of type I collagen fibers. Other constituents of bone tissue include water and organic molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, lipids, and peptides. Ions such as sodium, magnesium, fluoride, and citrate are also present, as well as hydrogenophosphate. Hence, the mineral phase in bone may be characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite. Such a distinction is important in the development of synthetic calcium phosphates for application as skeletal implants. An understanding of bone function and its interfacial relationship to an implant clearly depends on the associated structure and composition. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the chemical composition of bone, and Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for such an analysis. © 2013 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
AB - Raman spectroscopy of natural bones and hydroxyapatites is described. In addition, how Raman spectroscopy has proved crucial in providing baseline data for the modification of synthetic apatite powders that are routinely used now as bone replacement materials is explained. It is important to understand the chemical structural properties of natural bone. Bone consists of two primary components: an inorganic or mineral phase, which is mainly a carbonated form of a nanoscale crystalline calcium phosphate, closely resembling hydroxyapatite, and an organic phase, which is composed largely of type I collagen fibers. Other constituents of bone tissue include water and organic molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, lipids, and peptides. Ions such as sodium, magnesium, fluoride, and citrate are also present, as well as hydrogenophosphate. Hence, the mineral phase in bone may be characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite. Such a distinction is important in the development of synthetic calcium phosphates for application as skeletal implants. An understanding of bone function and its interfacial relationship to an implant clearly depends on the associated structure and composition. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the chemical composition of bone, and Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for such an analysis. © 2013 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
KW - bone
KW - calcium phosphates
KW - hydroxyapatite
KW - Raman spectroscopy
KW - Baseline data
KW - Bone replacement materials
KW - Bone tissue
KW - Chemical compositions
KW - Glycosaminoglycans
KW - Mineral phase
KW - Nano scale
KW - Natural bone
KW - Nonstoichiometric
KW - Organic molecules
KW - Organic phase
KW - Synthetic apatites
KW - Type I collagen
KW - Biomaterials
KW - Calcium phosphate
KW - Hydroxyapatite
KW - Magnesium
KW - Proteins
KW - Tissue
KW - Bone
U2 - 10.1080/05704928.2012.721107
DO - 10.1080/05704928.2012.721107
M3 - Journal article
VL - 48
SP - 329
EP - 355
JO - APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS
JF - APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS
SN - 0570-4928
IS - 4
ER -