TY - JOUR

T1 - The influence of cross-sectional channel geometry on rheology and flux estimates for active lava flows

AU - Lev, Einat

AU - James, Michael

PY - 2014/6

Y1 - 2014/6

N2 - Lava rheology and effusion rate are critical factors in determining the evolution of lava flows. However, direct and accurate field measurements are difficult to carry out, and estimates are usually based on measurements of the flows surface velocity and assumptions of sub-surface geometry. Using numerical flow models, we show that the potential for error due to geometry uncertainty is minimized if a semi-elliptical cross sectional channel shape is assumed. Flow is simulated for isothermal Newtonian, temperature-dependent Newtonian, and isothermal power-law rheology lavas. For isothermal Newtonian lava, we find that error in channel shape alone can make apparent viscosity estimates 3.5 times too large (e.g. for inappropriate use of the Jeffreys equation on a narrow semi-elliptical channel). For a temperature-dependent rheology, usingan analytical approximation for Newtonian flow in a semi-elliptical geometry yields apparent viscosity and flux values that are more accurate than estimates which assume a rectangular geometry, for all channel shapes considered, including rectangular channels. Viscosity calculations for real channels on Mauna Loa and Mount Etna show that for a Newtonian rheology, a semi-elliptical analytical solution gives an approximation 3 times closer to the actual viscosity than a rectangle with the same depth while, if the lavais shear-thinning (power law exponent m = 0.6), a rectangular approximation is 15% more accurate. Our results can be used to bracket possible viscosity and flux estimates when channel topography is poorly constrained.

AB - Lava rheology and effusion rate are critical factors in determining the evolution of lava flows. However, direct and accurate field measurements are difficult to carry out, and estimates are usually based on measurements of the flows surface velocity and assumptions of sub-surface geometry. Using numerical flow models, we show that the potential for error due to geometry uncertainty is minimized if a semi-elliptical cross sectional channel shape is assumed. Flow is simulated for isothermal Newtonian, temperature-dependent Newtonian, and isothermal power-law rheology lavas. For isothermal Newtonian lava, we find that error in channel shape alone can make apparent viscosity estimates 3.5 times too large (e.g. for inappropriate use of the Jeffreys equation on a narrow semi-elliptical channel). For a temperature-dependent rheology, usingan analytical approximation for Newtonian flow in a semi-elliptical geometry yields apparent viscosity and flux values that are more accurate than estimates which assume a rectangular geometry, for all channel shapes considered, including rectangular channels. Viscosity calculations for real channels on Mauna Loa and Mount Etna show that for a Newtonian rheology, a semi-elliptical analytical solution gives an approximation 3 times closer to the actual viscosity than a rectangle with the same depth while, if the lavais shear-thinning (power law exponent m = 0.6), a rectangular approximation is 15% more accurate. Our results can be used to bracket possible viscosity and flux estimates when channel topography is poorly constrained.

KW - lava flows

KW - lavarheology

KW - Channels

KW - Numerical models

U2 - 10.1007/s00445-014-0829-3

DO - 10.1007/s00445-014-0829-3

M3 - Journal article

VL - 76

JO - Bulletin of Volcanology

JF - Bulletin of Volcanology

SN - 0258-8900

M1 - 829

ER -