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Scientists have developed a method to 3D print flexible electronics using the conducting polymer polypyrrole, an advance that could be used in surgical procedures.
Led by researchers at Lancaster University, the team has shown that it is possible to directly print these electrical structures on or in living organisms.

The research is at proof of concept stage, but the team believes this type of process has the potential to print patient-specific implants for applications including real-time health monitoring and medical interventions. The team’s findings are detailed in Advanced Material Technologies.

In a statement, Dr John Hardy, senior lecturer in materials chemistry at Lancaster University and one of the lead authors of the study, said: “This approach potentially transforms the manufacture of complex 3D electronics for technical and medical applications – including structures for communication, displays, and sensors, for example. Such approaches could revolutionise the way we implant but also repair medical devices. For example, one day technologies like this could be used to fix broken implanted electronics through a process similar to laser dental/eye surgery. Once fully mature, such technology could transform a currently major operation into a much simpler, faster, safer and cheaper procedure.”

In a two-stage study, the researchers used a nanoscribe (a high-resolution laser 3D printer) to 3D print an electrical circuit directly within a silicone matrix using an additive process.

Dr Damian Cummings, lecturer in neuroscience at University College London, a co-author of the study who lead the brain stimulation work, said: “We took 3D printed electrodes and placed them on a slice of mouse brain tissue that we kept alive in vitro.  Using this approach, we could evoke neuronal responses that were similar to those seen in vivo.  Readily customised implants for a wide range of tissues offers both therapeutic potential and can be utilised in many research fields.”

In the second stage of the study, the researchers 3D printed conducting structures directly in nematode worms demonstrating that the full process is compatible with living organisms.

Dr Alexandre Benedetto, senior lecturer in biomedicine at Lancaster University, and another lead author of the study, said: “We essentially tattooed conductive patches on tiny worms using smart ink and lasers instead of needles. It showed us that such technology can achieve the resolution, safety and comfort levels required for medical applications. Although improvement in infrared laser technology, smart ink formulation and delivery will be critical to translating such approaches to the clinic, it paves the way for very exciting biomedical innovations.”

The next steps in the development in research are already underway, exploring the materials in which it is possible to print, the types of structures it is possible to print and developing prototypes to showcase to potential end users who may be interested in co-development of the technology. The researchers believe the technology is around 10 to 15 years from being fully developed.

The research was supported with funding from sources including: the Engineering Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Medical Research Council (MRC), the Royal Society, the Wellcome Trust, and Alzheimer’s Research UK.

Source: https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201274