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• 2012.09447v1

Rights statement: This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication/published in The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

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## Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy

Research output: Contribution to Journal/MagazineJournal articlepeer-review

Published

### Standard

Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy. / Suzuki, Tomoko L.; Onodera, Masato; Kodama, Tadayuki; Daddi, Emanuele; Hayashi, Masao; Koyama, Yusei; Shimakawa, Rhythm; Smail, Ian; Sobral, David; Tacchella, Sandro; Tanaka, Ichi.

In: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, No. 1, 15, 09.02.2021.

Research output: Contribution to Journal/MagazineJournal articlepeer-review

### Harvard

Suzuki, TL, Onodera, M, Kodama, T, Daddi, E, Hayashi, M, Koyama, Y, Shimakawa, R, Smail, I, Sobral, D, Tacchella, S & Tanaka, I 2021, 'Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy', The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 908, no. 1, 15. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

### APA

Suzuki, T. L., Onodera, M., Kodama, T., Daddi, E., Hayashi, M., Koyama, Y., Shimakawa, R., Smail, I., Sobral, D., Tacchella, S., & Tanaka, I. (2021). Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal, 908(1), [15]. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

### Vancouver

Suzuki TL, Onodera M, Kodama T, Daddi E, Hayashi M, Koyama Y et al. Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy. The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 Feb 9;908(1). 15. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

### Author

Suzuki, Tomoko L. ; Onodera, Masato ; Kodama, Tadayuki ; Daddi, Emanuele ; Hayashi, Masao ; Koyama, Yusei ; Shimakawa, Rhythm ; Smail, Ian ; Sobral, David ; Tacchella, Sandro ; Tanaka, Ichi. / Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy. In: The Astrophysical Journal. 2021 ; Vol. 908, No. 1.

### Bibtex

title = "Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy",
abstract = "We conducted sub-millimeter observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$, whose gas-phase metallicities have been previously measured. We investigate the dust and gas contents of the galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and study how galaxies are interacting with their circumgalactic/intergalactic medium at this epoch by probing their gas mass fractions and gas-phase metallicities. Single-band dust continuum emission tracing dust mass and the relation between the gas-phase metallicity and gas-to-dust mass ratio are used to estimate the gas masses. The estimated gas mass fractions and depletion timescales are $f_{\rm gas}=$ 0.20-0.75 and $t_{\rm dep}=$ 0.09-1.55 Gyr, respectively. Although the galaxies appear to tightly distribute around the star-forming main sequence at $z\sim3.3$, both quantities show a wider spread at a fixed stellar mass than expected from the scaling relation, suggesting a large diversity of fundamental gas properties among star-forming galaxies apparently on the main sequence. Comparing gas mass fraction and gas-phase metallicity between the star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and at lower redshifts, star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ appear to be more metal-poor than local galaxies with similar gas mass fractions. Using the gas regulator model to interpret this offset, we find that it can be explained by a higher mass-loading factor, suggesting that the mass-loading factor in outflows increases at earlier cosmic times. ",
keywords = "astro-ph.GA",
author = "Suzuki, {Tomoko L.} and Masato Onodera and Tadayuki Kodama and Emanuele Daddi and Masao Hayashi and Yusei Koyama and Rhythm Shimakawa and Ian Smail and David Sobral and Sandro Tacchella and Ichi Tanaka",
note = "This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication/published in The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
day = "9",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7",
language = "English",
volume = "908",
journal = "The Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing",
number = "1",

}

### RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy

AU - Suzuki, Tomoko L.

AU - Onodera, Masato

AU - Hayashi, Masao

AU - Koyama, Yusei

AU - Shimakawa, Rhythm

AU - Smail, Ian

AU - Sobral, David

AU - Tacchella, Sandro

AU - Tanaka, Ichi

N1 - This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication/published in The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

PY - 2021/2/9

Y1 - 2021/2/9

N2 - We conducted sub-millimeter observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$, whose gas-phase metallicities have been previously measured. We investigate the dust and gas contents of the galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and study how galaxies are interacting with their circumgalactic/intergalactic medium at this epoch by probing their gas mass fractions and gas-phase metallicities. Single-band dust continuum emission tracing dust mass and the relation between the gas-phase metallicity and gas-to-dust mass ratio are used to estimate the gas masses. The estimated gas mass fractions and depletion timescales are $f_{\rm gas}=$ 0.20-0.75 and $t_{\rm dep}=$ 0.09-1.55 Gyr, respectively. Although the galaxies appear to tightly distribute around the star-forming main sequence at $z\sim3.3$, both quantities show a wider spread at a fixed stellar mass than expected from the scaling relation, suggesting a large diversity of fundamental gas properties among star-forming galaxies apparently on the main sequence. Comparing gas mass fraction and gas-phase metallicity between the star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and at lower redshifts, star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ appear to be more metal-poor than local galaxies with similar gas mass fractions. Using the gas regulator model to interpret this offset, we find that it can be explained by a higher mass-loading factor, suggesting that the mass-loading factor in outflows increases at earlier cosmic times.

AB - We conducted sub-millimeter observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$, whose gas-phase metallicities have been previously measured. We investigate the dust and gas contents of the galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and study how galaxies are interacting with their circumgalactic/intergalactic medium at this epoch by probing their gas mass fractions and gas-phase metallicities. Single-band dust continuum emission tracing dust mass and the relation between the gas-phase metallicity and gas-to-dust mass ratio are used to estimate the gas masses. The estimated gas mass fractions and depletion timescales are $f_{\rm gas}=$ 0.20-0.75 and $t_{\rm dep}=$ 0.09-1.55 Gyr, respectively. Although the galaxies appear to tightly distribute around the star-forming main sequence at $z\sim3.3$, both quantities show a wider spread at a fixed stellar mass than expected from the scaling relation, suggesting a large diversity of fundamental gas properties among star-forming galaxies apparently on the main sequence. Comparing gas mass fraction and gas-phase metallicity between the star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and at lower redshifts, star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ appear to be more metal-poor than local galaxies with similar gas mass fractions. Using the gas regulator model to interpret this offset, we find that it can be explained by a higher mass-loading factor, suggesting that the mass-loading factor in outflows increases at earlier cosmic times.

KW - astro-ph.GA

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/abd4e7

M3 - Journal article

VL - 908

JO - The Astrophysical Journal

JF - The Astrophysical Journal

SN - 0004-637X

IS - 1

M1 - 15

ER -