Our project develops a Kantian account of mistreating persons alongside an account of treating persons well. According to a well-known principle of Kant's ethics, we should never use people merely as means. This is the wrong of instrumentalization. However, Kant also insists on our duties to act as means for one another.

We explore two connections between these ideas. First, we analyse forms of mistreatment beyond instrumentalization, such as exclusion and paternalism. In particular, we emphasise that many forms of mistreatment deny people opportunities to act as means for others. This is the second connection. To affirm people's status as ends-in-themselves, we must recognise their abilities and responsibilities to act as means. As such, we explore an overlooked dimension of Kant's ideal "realm of ends." People should relate to each other, not only as ends-in-themselves, but also as means.