TY - JOUR

T1 - Trichotomous Processes in Early Memory Development, Aging, and Neurocognitive Impairment: A Unified Theory

AU - Brainerd, C. J.

AU - Reyna, V. F.

AU - Howe, Mark L.

PY - 2009/10

Y1 - 2009/10

N2 - One of the most extensively investigated topics in the adult memory literature, dual memory processes, has had virtually no impact on the study of early memory development. The authors remove the key obstacles to such research by formulating a trichotomous theory of recall that combines the traditional dual processes of recollection and familiarity with a reconstruction process. The theory is then embedded in a hidden Markov model that measures all 3 processes with low-burden tasks that are appropriate for even young children. These techniques are applied to a large corpus of developmental studies of recall, yielding stable findings about the emergence of dual memory processes between childhood and young adulthood and generating tests of many theoretical predictions. The techniques are extended to the study of healthy aging and to the memory sequelae of common forms of neurocognitive impairment, resulting in a theoretical framework that is unified over 4 major domains of memory research: early development, mainstream adult research, aging, and neurocognitive impairment. The techniques are also extended to recognition, creating a unified dual process framework for recall and recognition.

AB - One of the most extensively investigated topics in the adult memory literature, dual memory processes, has had virtually no impact on the study of early memory development. The authors remove the key obstacles to such research by formulating a trichotomous theory of recall that combines the traditional dual processes of recollection and familiarity with a reconstruction process. The theory is then embedded in a hidden Markov model that measures all 3 processes with low-burden tasks that are appropriate for even young children. These techniques are applied to a large corpus of developmental studies of recall, yielding stable findings about the emergence of dual memory processes between childhood and young adulthood and generating tests of many theoretical predictions. The techniques are extended to the study of healthy aging and to the memory sequelae of common forms of neurocognitive impairment, resulting in a theoretical framework that is unified over 4 major domains of memory research: early development, mainstream adult research, aging, and neurocognitive impairment. The techniques are also extended to recognition, creating a unified dual process framework for recall and recognition.

KW - memory development

KW - dual memory processes

KW - aging

KW - neurocognitive impairment

KW - hidden Markov models

KW - MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

KW - OF-LEARNING ANALYSIS

KW - HIDDEN-MARKOV-MODELS

KW - STORAGE-RETRIEVAL PROCESSES

KW - FALSE RECOGNITION

KW - ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE

KW - FREE-RECALL

KW - CHILDRENS MEMORY

KW - NONCRITERIAL RECOLLECTION

KW - RETENTION INTERVAL

U2 - 10.1037/a0016963

DO - 10.1037/a0016963

M3 - Literature review

VL - 116

SP - 783

EP - 832

JO - Psychological Review

JF - Psychological Review

SN - 0033-295X

IS - 4

ER -