Rights statement: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:Murdock, B. E., Toghill, K. E., Tapia-Ruiz, N., A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2102028. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202102028 which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202102028 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
Accepted author manuscript, 1.66 MB, PDF document
Available under license: CC BY-NC: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Final published version
Licence: CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
AU - Murdock, Beth
AU - Toghill, Kathryn
AU - Tapia-Ruiz, Nuria
N1 - This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:Murdock, B. E., Toghill, K. E., Tapia-Ruiz, N., A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2102028. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202102028 which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202102028 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
PY - 2021/10/21
Y1 - 2021/10/21
N2 - Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals—particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses concerns surrounding material exhaustion in addition to further environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. In particular, unethical mining practices and political instability within the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the world's largest cobalt producer) have prompted research into cobalt-low and cobalt-free alternatives. This review aims to provide a holistic view of lithium-ion cathode development and inform advancements by highlighting the interdependencies across mining, material development, and end-of-life management. While material sustainability is reported through supply and demand projections, the potential socioenvironmental impacts of lithium-ion battery technology represent a hugely underresearched area among the aforementioned themes. Notably, the lack of attention paid toward future implications of increased nickel use across material management and development disciplines is also discussed.
AB - Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals—particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses concerns surrounding material exhaustion in addition to further environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. In particular, unethical mining practices and political instability within the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the world's largest cobalt producer) have prompted research into cobalt-low and cobalt-free alternatives. This review aims to provide a holistic view of lithium-ion cathode development and inform advancements by highlighting the interdependencies across mining, material development, and end-of-life management. While material sustainability is reported through supply and demand projections, the potential socioenvironmental impacts of lithium-ion battery technology represent a hugely underresearched area among the aforementioned themes. Notably, the lack of attention paid toward future implications of increased nickel use across material management and development disciplines is also discussed.
KW - cathodes
KW - end-of-life
KW - lithium-ion batteries
KW - material management
KW - sustainability
U2 - 10.1002/aenm.202102028
DO - 10.1002/aenm.202102028
M3 - Journal article
VL - 11
JO - Advanced Energy Materials
JF - Advanced Energy Materials
SN - 1614-6832
IS - 39
M1 - 2102028
ER -