TY - JOUR

T1 - 'A picture is worth a thousand words'

T2 - The use of microscopy for imaging neuroinflammation

AU - de Fraga, Luciano Stürmer

AU - Tassinari, Isadora D'Ávila

AU - Jantsch, Jeferson

AU - Guedes, Renata Padilha

AU - Bambini-Junior, Victorio

N1 - © 2021 British Society for Immunology.

PY - 2021/12/31

Y1 - 2021/12/31

N2 - Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.

AB - Since the first studies of the nervous system by the Nobel laureates Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal using simple dyes and conventional light microscopes, microscopy has come a long way to the most recent techniques that make it possible to perform images in live cells and animals in health and disease. Many pathological conditions of the central nervous system have already been linked to inflammatory responses. In this scenario, several available markers and techniques can help imaging and unveil the neuroinflammatory process. Moreover, microscopy imaging techniques have become even more necessary to validate the large quantity of data generated in the era of 'omics'. This review aims to highlight how to assess neuroinflammation by using microscopy as a tool to provide specific details about the cell's architecture during neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we describe specific markers that have been used in light microscopy studies and that are widely applied to unravel and describe neuroinflammatory mechanisms in distinct conditions. Then, we discuss some important methodologies that facilitate the imaging of these markers, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Emphasis will be given to studies using two-photon microscopy, an approach that revolutionized the real-time assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Finally, some studies integrating omics with microscopy will be presented. The fusion of these techniques is developing, but the high amount of data generated from these applications will certainly improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation.

KW - Central Nervous System/diagnostic imaging

KW - Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods

KW - Humans

KW - Immunohistochemistry/methods

KW - Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods

KW - Neuroimaging/methods

KW - Neuroinflammatory Diseases/diagnostic imaging

KW - Optical Imaging/methods

U2 - 10.1111/cei.13669

DO - 10.1111/cei.13669

M3 - Review article

C2 - 34596237

VL - 206

SP - 325

EP - 345

JO - Clinical and Experimental Immunology

JF - Clinical and Experimental Immunology

SN - 0009-9104

IS - 3

ER -