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A portable smartphone-based electrochemical sensing platform for rapid and sensitive detection of creatinine in blood serum †

Research output: Contribution to Journal/MagazineJournal articlepeer-review

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  • Rifat Rayhan
  • Md. Inzamamul Haque Shishir
  • Md. Abdul Khaleque
  • Md. Ruhul Amin
  • Md. Romzan Ali
  • Mohamed Aly Saad Aly
  • Shakib Mahmud Ayon
  • Rahman Saidur
  • Tan Han Kim
  • Md. Abu Zaed
  • Md. Zaved Hossain Khan
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<mark>Journal publication date</mark>31/07/2025
<mark>Journal</mark>RSC Advances
Issue number30
Volume15
Number of pages13
Pages (from-to)24917-24929
Publication StatusPublished
Early online date15/07/25
<mark>Original language</mark>English

Abstract

Muscle metabolism produces creatinine, a waste product whose levels in the blood and urine are crucial markers of kidney health. Herein, a smartphone-based electrochemical detection strategy was developed to quantify creatinine in human blood serum. Since creatinine was electrochemically inactive, a standard copper solution was added as an electro-activator to produce an electrochemically active creatinine–copper complex. At a pH of 7.4, the creatinine–copper composite was oxidized in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Electrochemical oxidation of the free Cu+ ion in PBS is tested by the surface modification of Ti2C2Tx@poly(l-Arg) nanocomposite. The analytical performance of the developed electrochemical sensor was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry. The developed electrochemical sensor was evaluated using a combination of techniques: electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, morphological analysis with scanning electron microscopy, and structural analysis with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Notably, the developed sensor demonstrated an impressively low detection limit of 0.05 μM and a linear range of 1–200 μM. Moreover, the sensor remarkably exhibited a stable creatinine detection response with an acceptable reproducibility for two two-week periods and demonstrated a robust immunity against interfering molecules. This is the first report on the synthesis of Ti2C2Tx@poly(l-Arg) nanocomposites and their application in the electrochemical detection of creatinine. This smartphone-based creatinine sensor offers a promising, rapid, and reliable technique for creatinine detection, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research, due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and portability.