Rights statement: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Garner, I. W., Varey, S., Navarro-Pardo, E., Marr, C., & Holland, C. A. (2022). An observational cohort study of longitudinal impacts on frailty and well-being of COVID-19 lockdowns in older adults in England and Spain. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30, e2905– e2916. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13735 which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.13735 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
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Final published version
Licence: CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - An Observational Cohort Study of Longitudinal Impacts on Frailty and Well-Being of COVID-19 Lockdowns in Older Adults in England and Spain
AU - Garner, Ian
AU - Varey, Sandra
AU - Navarro-Pardo, Esperanza
AU - Marr, Calum
AU - Holland, Carol
N1 - This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Garner, I. W., Varey, S., Navarro-Pardo, E., Marr, C., & Holland, C. A. (2022). An observational cohort study of longitudinal impacts on frailty and well-being of COVID-19 lockdowns in older adults in England and Spain. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30, e2905– e2916. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13735 which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.13735 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
PY - 2022/9/30
Y1 - 2022/9/30
N2 - To reduce the spread of COVID-19, governments initiated lockdowns, limiting mobility and social interaction of populations. Lockdown is linked to health issues, yet the full impact on health remains unknown, particularly in more vulnerable groups. This study examined impact on frailty and outcomes in high and low COVID-19 risk older adults. We examined health-related behaviours and support resources participants used during lockdown(s). Lockdown impacts in two countries were compared across four time points to examine impacts of different rules. We recruited 70 participants (aged >70 years) in England and Spain. Participants were allocated to higher or lower COVID-19-risk groups based on UK NHS guidelines. They completed assessments for frailty, quality-of-life, loneliness, exercise frequency and social interaction, coping resources and perception of age-friendliness of their environment. The four assessments took place over a 7-month period. Frailty was highest at Time 1 (most severe lockdown restrictions) and significantly higher in the Spanish group. It was lower at Time 3 (lowest restrictions), but did not continue to reduce for the English participants. Perceptions of the age friendliness of the environment matched these changes. Coping resources did not mitigate changes in frailty and outcomes over time, but more frequent physical activity predicted more reduction in frailty. Lockdown had a negative impact on frailty, increasing risk of adverse events for older people, but recovery once lockdowns are eased is evidenced. Further research is required to consider longer term impacts and methods to mitigate effects of lockdown on health.
AB - To reduce the spread of COVID-19, governments initiated lockdowns, limiting mobility and social interaction of populations. Lockdown is linked to health issues, yet the full impact on health remains unknown, particularly in more vulnerable groups. This study examined impact on frailty and outcomes in high and low COVID-19 risk older adults. We examined health-related behaviours and support resources participants used during lockdown(s). Lockdown impacts in two countries were compared across four time points to examine impacts of different rules. We recruited 70 participants (aged >70 years) in England and Spain. Participants were allocated to higher or lower COVID-19-risk groups based on UK NHS guidelines. They completed assessments for frailty, quality-of-life, loneliness, exercise frequency and social interaction, coping resources and perception of age-friendliness of their environment. The four assessments took place over a 7-month period. Frailty was highest at Time 1 (most severe lockdown restrictions) and significantly higher in the Spanish group. It was lower at Time 3 (lowest restrictions), but did not continue to reduce for the English participants. Perceptions of the age friendliness of the environment matched these changes. Coping resources did not mitigate changes in frailty and outcomes over time, but more frequent physical activity predicted more reduction in frailty. Lockdown had a negative impact on frailty, increasing risk of adverse events for older people, but recovery once lockdowns are eased is evidenced. Further research is required to consider longer term impacts and methods to mitigate effects of lockdown on health.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Frailty
KW - Health
KW - Resilience
KW - Lockdown
U2 - 10.1111/hsc.13735
DO - 10.1111/hsc.13735
M3 - Journal article
VL - 30
SP - 2905
EP - 2916
JO - Health & Social Care in the Community
JF - Health & Social Care in the Community
SN - 0966-0410
IS - 5
ER -