A significant acreage of common land remains in the mountains, moors and fells of England and Wales; landscapes where parliamentary enclosure had incomplete and idiosyncratic effect. Looking beyond enclosure, this chapter asks for greater awareness of upland common land and common agriculture. The chapter argues for close analysis of 'communal' grazing customs and institutions existing within a changing cultural and political environment. Further, it is suggested that a global debate on 'common pool resources' informs analysis of upland commons and reaffirms their international importance.