Final published version
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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Beyond the horizon, backhaul connectivity for offshore IoT devices
AU - Zaidi, K.S.
AU - Hina, S.
AU - Jawad, M.
AU - Khan, A.N.
AU - Khan, M.U.S.
AU - Pervaiz, H.B.
AU - Nawaz, R.
PY - 2021/10/21
Y1 - 2021/10/21
N2 - The prevalent use of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices over the Sea, such as, on oil and gas platforms, cargo, and cruise ships, requires high-speed connectivity of these devices. Although satellite based backhaul links provide vast coverage, but they are inherently constrained by low data rates and expensive bandwidth. If a signal propagated over the sea is trapped between the sea surface and the Evaporation Duct (ED) layer, it can propagate beyond the horizon, achieving long-range backhaul connectivity with minimal attenuation. This paper presents experimental measurements and simulations conducted in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Band Wi-Fi frequencies, such as 5.8 GHz to provide hassle-free offshore wireless backhaul connectivity for IoT devices over the South China Sea in the Malaysian region. Real-time experimental measurements are recorded for 10 km to 80 km path lengths to determine average path loss values. The fade margin calculation for ED must accommodate additional slow fading on top of average path loss with respect to time and climate-induced ED height variations to ensure reliable communication links for IoT devices. Experimental results confirm that 99% link availability of is achievable with minimum 50 Mbps data rate and up to 60 km distance over the Sea to connect offshore IoT devices. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
AB - The prevalent use of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices over the Sea, such as, on oil and gas platforms, cargo, and cruise ships, requires high-speed connectivity of these devices. Although satellite based backhaul links provide vast coverage, but they are inherently constrained by low data rates and expensive bandwidth. If a signal propagated over the sea is trapped between the sea surface and the Evaporation Duct (ED) layer, it can propagate beyond the horizon, achieving long-range backhaul connectivity with minimal attenuation. This paper presents experimental measurements and simulations conducted in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Band Wi-Fi frequencies, such as 5.8 GHz to provide hassle-free offshore wireless backhaul connectivity for IoT devices over the South China Sea in the Malaysian region. Real-time experimental measurements are recorded for 10 km to 80 km path lengths to determine average path loss values. The fade margin calculation for ED must accommodate additional slow fading on top of average path loss with respect to time and climate-induced ED height variations to ensure reliable communication links for IoT devices. Experimental results confirm that 99% link availability of is achievable with minimum 50 Mbps data rate and up to 60 km distance over the Sea to connect offshore IoT devices. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
KW - Availability
KW - Backhaul
KW - Channel capacity
KW - Evaporation duct
KW - IoT
KW - Maritime
KW - Path loss
KW - Wireless communication
KW - Ducts
KW - Evaporation
KW - Offshore oil well production
KW - Surface waters
KW - Cargo ships
KW - Channel's capacity
KW - Cruise ships
KW - Offshores
KW - Oil and gas platforms
KW - Wireless communications
KW - Internet of things
U2 - 10.3390/en14216918
DO - 10.3390/en14216918
M3 - Journal article
VL - 14
JO - Energies
JF - Energies
SN - 1996-1073
IS - 21
M1 - 6918
ER -