Final published version
Licence: CC BY-NC-ND: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Cyber-Attacks and Freedom of Expression
T2 - Coercion, Intimidation and Virtual Occupation
AU - Burton, J.
PY - 2019/9/30
Y1 - 2019/9/30
N2 - This article explores how cyber-attacks affect freedom of expression.It begins by outlining the literature on cyber coercion and exploringother conceptions of how offensive cyber operations have been usedto shape adversary behaviour, including efforts to intimidate throughcyberspace, and the concept of ‘cyber swaggering’. The articlemoves on to explore how cyber-attacks have been used to undermineelectoral process, to erode free and fair media reporting, and howmanipulation of social media can constitute a ‘virtual infiltration’and ‘virtual occupation’ of the information domain. The articlethen explores how cyber-attacks conducted during the conflict inUkraine have limited or otherwise affected freedom of expression.I argue that the wider effects of cyber operations on political, civiland human rights have been underexplored in the cyber securityliterature; that cyber-attacks have adversely affected freedom ofexpression in the conflict in Ukraine and in other political disputes;and that the coercion concept is ill-suited to accounting for the socio-psychological impact of modern cyber operations.
AB - This article explores how cyber-attacks affect freedom of expression.It begins by outlining the literature on cyber coercion and exploringother conceptions of how offensive cyber operations have been usedto shape adversary behaviour, including efforts to intimidate throughcyberspace, and the concept of ‘cyber swaggering’. The articlemoves on to explore how cyber-attacks have been used to undermineelectoral process, to erode free and fair media reporting, and howmanipulation of social media can constitute a ‘virtual infiltration’and ‘virtual occupation’ of the information domain. The articlethen explores how cyber-attacks conducted during the conflict inUkraine have limited or otherwise affected freedom of expression.I argue that the wider effects of cyber operations on political, civiland human rights have been underexplored in the cyber securityliterature; that cyber-attacks have adversely affected freedom ofexpression in the conflict in Ukraine and in other political disputes;and that the coercion concept is ill-suited to accounting for the socio-psychological impact of modern cyber operations.
KW - cyber coercion
KW - freedom of expression
KW - intimidation
KW - Ukraine
KW - virtual occupation
U2 - 10.1515/bjes-2019-0025
DO - 10.1515/bjes-2019-0025
M3 - Journal article
VL - 9
JO - Baltic Journal of European Studies
JF - Baltic Journal of European Studies
SN - 2228-0588
IS - 3
M1 - 28
ER -