TY - JOUR

T1 - Detection of early stage changes associated with adipogenesis using Raman spectroscopy under aseptic conditions

AU - Mitchell, Adam

AU - Ashton, Lorna

AU - Yang, Xuebin B

AU - Goodacre, Royston

AU - Smith, Alistair

AU - Kirkham, Jennifer

N1 - © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and the content is offered under identical terms.

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - There is growing interest in the development of methods capable of non-invasive characterisation of stem cells prior to their use in cell based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has previously been used to detect biochemical changes commensurate with the osteogenic, cardiogenic and neurogenic differentiation of stem cells. The aim of this study was to characterise the adipogenic differentiation of live adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) under aseptic conditions. ASCs where cultured in adipogenic or basal culture medium for 14 days in customised culture flasks containing quartz windows. Raman spectra were acquired every 3 days. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify spectral changes in the cultures over time. Adipogenic differentiation was confirmed using qRT-PCR for the marker genes PPARγ and ADIPOQ and Oil red O staining performed. PCA demonstrated that lipid associated spectral features varied throughout ASC differentiation with the earliest detection of the lipid associated peak at 1438 cm-1 after 3 days of induction. After 7 days of culture there were clear differences between the spectra acquired from ASCs in adipogenic or basal culture medium. No changes were observed in the spectra acquired from undifferentiated ASCs. Significant up-regulation in the expression of both PPARγ and ADIPOQ genes (p<0.001) was observed after 14 days of differentiation as was prominent Oil red O staining. However, the Raman sampling process resulted in weaker gene expression compared with ASCs that had not undergone Raman analysis. This study demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect biochemical changes associated with adipogenic differentiation in a non-invasive and aseptic manner and that this can be achieved as early as three days into the differentiation process.

AB - There is growing interest in the development of methods capable of non-invasive characterisation of stem cells prior to their use in cell based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has previously been used to detect biochemical changes commensurate with the osteogenic, cardiogenic and neurogenic differentiation of stem cells. The aim of this study was to characterise the adipogenic differentiation of live adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) under aseptic conditions. ASCs where cultured in adipogenic or basal culture medium for 14 days in customised culture flasks containing quartz windows. Raman spectra were acquired every 3 days. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify spectral changes in the cultures over time. Adipogenic differentiation was confirmed using qRT-PCR for the marker genes PPARγ and ADIPOQ and Oil red O staining performed. PCA demonstrated that lipid associated spectral features varied throughout ASC differentiation with the earliest detection of the lipid associated peak at 1438 cm-1 after 3 days of induction. After 7 days of culture there were clear differences between the spectra acquired from ASCs in adipogenic or basal culture medium. No changes were observed in the spectra acquired from undifferentiated ASCs. Significant up-regulation in the expression of both PPARγ and ADIPOQ genes (p<0.001) was observed after 14 days of differentiation as was prominent Oil red O staining. However, the Raman sampling process resulted in weaker gene expression compared with ASCs that had not undergone Raman analysis. This study demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect biochemical changes associated with adipogenic differentiation in a non-invasive and aseptic manner and that this can be achieved as early as three days into the differentiation process.

KW - adipogenic differentiation

KW - adipose derived stem cell

KW - cell-based theray

KW - non-invasive characterization

KW - Principal component analysis

KW - Raman spectroscopy

U2 - 10.1002/cyto.a.22777

DO - 10.1002/cyto.a.22777

M3 - Journal article

VL - 87

SP - 1012

EP - 1019

JO - Cytometry Part A

JF - Cytometry Part A

SN - 1552-4922

IS - 11

ER -