TY - JOUR

T1 - Estimation of PFOS emission from domestic sources in the eastern coastal region of China

AU - Xie, Shuangwei

AU - Lu, Yonglong

AU - Wang, Tieyu

AU - Liu, Shijie

AU - Jones, Kevin

AU - Sweetman, Andy

PY - 2013/9

Y1 - 2013/9

N2 - Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related chemicals (collectively "PFOS equivalents") have been released to the environment through widespread consumer use and disposal of PFOS-containing products like carpet, leather, textiles, paper, food containers, household cleansers, etc. Accordingly, in addition to PFOS-related industries, domestic activities may also considerably contribute to the PFOS emissions in the eastern coastal region of China, which has been characterized by high industrial input. In the present study, domestic emissions of PFOS equivalents derived from municipal wastewater treatment plants were estimated at the county level, using a regression model of domestic emission density with population density and per capita disposable income as independent variables. The total emission load of PFOS equivalents from domestic sources in the eastern coastal region of China was 381 kg in 2010, and large cities were prominent as the emission centers. The domestic emission density averaged 0.37 g/km(2).a for the entire study area. Generally, the Beijing-Tianjin area, Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, as the most populous and economically developed areas in China, showed significantly higher emission density. Geographical variations within individual provinces were noteworthy. The average per capita discharge load of PFOS equivalents arising from domestic activities was 1.91 mu g/day per capita in the eastern coastal region of China, which is consistent with previous estimates in Korea, but lower than those calculated for developed countries. In comparison, the spatial distributions of provincial PFOS emissions from domestic and industrial sources were similar to each other; however, the latter was much larger for all the provinces. 

AB - Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related chemicals (collectively "PFOS equivalents") have been released to the environment through widespread consumer use and disposal of PFOS-containing products like carpet, leather, textiles, paper, food containers, household cleansers, etc. Accordingly, in addition to PFOS-related industries, domestic activities may also considerably contribute to the PFOS emissions in the eastern coastal region of China, which has been characterized by high industrial input. In the present study, domestic emissions of PFOS equivalents derived from municipal wastewater treatment plants were estimated at the county level, using a regression model of domestic emission density with population density and per capita disposable income as independent variables. The total emission load of PFOS equivalents from domestic sources in the eastern coastal region of China was 381 kg in 2010, and large cities were prominent as the emission centers. The domestic emission density averaged 0.37 g/km(2).a for the entire study area. Generally, the Beijing-Tianjin area, Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, as the most populous and economically developed areas in China, showed significantly higher emission density. Geographical variations within individual provinces were noteworthy. The average per capita discharge load of PFOS equivalents arising from domestic activities was 1.91 mu g/day per capita in the eastern coastal region of China, which is consistent with previous estimates in Korea, but lower than those calculated for developed countries. In comparison, the spatial distributions of provincial PFOS emissions from domestic and industrial sources were similar to each other; however, the latter was much larger for all the provinces. 

KW - Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

KW - Domestic source

KW - Emission estimation

KW - Coastal region

KW - China

KW - WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

KW - TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY

KW - PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS

KW - WASTE-WATER

KW - PERFLUOROOCTANE SURFACTANTS

KW - QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION

KW - POLYFLUOROALKYL COMPOUNDS

KW - DISCHARGE LOADS

KW - SEWAGE-SLUDGE

KW - BOHAI SEA

U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.015

DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.015

M3 - Journal article

VL - 59

SP - 336

EP - 343

JO - Environment International

JF - Environment International

SN - 0160-4120

ER -