Rights statement: This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Hazardous Materials. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Hazardous Materials, 368, 2019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.030
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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Extremely small amounts of B[a]P residues remobilised in long-term contaminated soils
T2 - A strong case for greater focus on readily available and not total-extractable fractions in risk assessment
AU - Umeh, Anthony C.
AU - Duan, Luchun
AU - Naidu, Ravi
AU - Semple, Kirk T.
N1 - This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Hazardous Materials. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Hazardous Materials, 368, 2019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.030
PY - 2019/4/15
Y1 - 2019/4/15
N2 - There is a lack of understanding about the potential for remobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in soils, specifically after the removal of readily available fractions, and the likelihood to cause harm to human and environmental health. Sequential solvent extractions, using butanol (BuOH), dichloromethane/acetone, and methanolic saponification were used to investigate the time-dependent remobilisation of B[a]P residues in aged soils, after removal of readily available or total-extractable fractions. After 120 d of aging, BuOH-remobilised B[a]P were small or extremely small ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg to 4.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg and from 0.9 ± 0.0 mg/kg to 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg, after removal of readily available and total-extractable fractions, respectively. After removal of readily available fractions, the remobilisation rates of B[a]P residues were constant over 5 re-equilibration times, as shown by first-order kinetics. The amounts of B[a]P remobilised significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with aging, particularly in hard organic carbon-rich soils. After 4 years of aging, BuOH- and total-remobilised B[a]P were generally < 5% of the initially spiked 50 mg/kg. Based on the findings of this study, the potential or significant potential for B[a]P NERs in soils to cause significant harm to human and environmental health are minimal.
AB - There is a lack of understanding about the potential for remobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in soils, specifically after the removal of readily available fractions, and the likelihood to cause harm to human and environmental health. Sequential solvent extractions, using butanol (BuOH), dichloromethane/acetone, and methanolic saponification were used to investigate the time-dependent remobilisation of B[a]P residues in aged soils, after removal of readily available or total-extractable fractions. After 120 d of aging, BuOH-remobilised B[a]P were small or extremely small ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg to 4.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg and from 0.9 ± 0.0 mg/kg to 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg, after removal of readily available and total-extractable fractions, respectively. After removal of readily available fractions, the remobilisation rates of B[a]P residues were constant over 5 re-equilibration times, as shown by first-order kinetics. The amounts of B[a]P remobilised significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with aging, particularly in hard organic carbon-rich soils. After 4 years of aging, BuOH- and total-remobilised B[a]P were generally < 5% of the initially spiked 50 mg/kg. Based on the findings of this study, the potential or significant potential for B[a]P NERs in soils to cause significant harm to human and environmental health are minimal.
KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
KW - B[a]P
KW - Nonextractable residues
KW - Small remobilisation
KW - Release
KW - Risk assessment
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.030
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.030
M3 - Journal article
VL - 368
SP - 72
EP - 80
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
SN - 0304-3894
ER -