TY - JOUR

T1 - Fairness, generosity and conditionality in the welfare system

T2 - the case of UK disability benefits

AU - Johnson, Elliott

AU - Nettle, Daniel

N1 - This is an Author’s Original Manuscript (AOM) of an article published by Bristol University Press in Global Discourse on 05 October 2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.1332/204378920X15989751152011.

PY - 2020/10/5

Y1 - 2020/10/5

N2 - This paper represents a collaboration between a policy researcher and a behavioural scientist who studies cooperation. Our goal was to develop a shared understanding of one particular policy topic, the reforms to the UK system of disability benefits initiated during the last term of the New Labour Government and accelerated under the Conservative-led administrations since 2010. These reforms introduced much stronger focus on conditionality and assessment, aiming to reduce the cost of the benefit by identifying and removing ‘cheaters’ or ‘undeserving’ recipients from the system. The reforms have failed by even their own stated goals. Here, we seek to understand why they seemed appealing and intuitively likely to succeed. We argue that humans are vigilant cooperators, sensitive to cues of need in others, but also highly susceptible to the idea that others are cheating. This vigilance is particularly marked where they lack a reassuring stream of direct personal evidence to the contrary. The vigilance of human cooperative psychology makes ideas of greater conditionality and punishment easy for politicians to conceive of and sell. However, set against this, there are principles that can be used and successfully appealed to in advocating greater generosity in welfare systems. These include the fundamental social similarity of recipients and non-recipients, and the idea that resources are not generated individually but represent the common windfall of a whole group.Key messagesHumans are vigilant cooperators, motivated to help others, but attuned to cues of cheating.Vigilant cooperation drives popular intuitions about how welfare systems should work.This can be illustrated by examining changes to UK disability benefits.Appealing to popular intuitions does not necessarily lead to optimal policy making.

AB - This paper represents a collaboration between a policy researcher and a behavioural scientist who studies cooperation. Our goal was to develop a shared understanding of one particular policy topic, the reforms to the UK system of disability benefits initiated during the last term of the New Labour Government and accelerated under the Conservative-led administrations since 2010. These reforms introduced much stronger focus on conditionality and assessment, aiming to reduce the cost of the benefit by identifying and removing ‘cheaters’ or ‘undeserving’ recipients from the system. The reforms have failed by even their own stated goals. Here, we seek to understand why they seemed appealing and intuitively likely to succeed. We argue that humans are vigilant cooperators, sensitive to cues of need in others, but also highly susceptible to the idea that others are cheating. This vigilance is particularly marked where they lack a reassuring stream of direct personal evidence to the contrary. The vigilance of human cooperative psychology makes ideas of greater conditionality and punishment easy for politicians to conceive of and sell. However, set against this, there are principles that can be used and successfully appealed to in advocating greater generosity in welfare systems. These include the fundamental social similarity of recipients and non-recipients, and the idea that resources are not generated individually but represent the common windfall of a whole group.Key messagesHumans are vigilant cooperators, motivated to help others, but attuned to cues of cheating.Vigilant cooperation drives popular intuitions about how welfare systems should work.This can be illustrated by examining changes to UK disability benefits.Appealing to popular intuitions does not necessarily lead to optimal policy making.

KW - Disability

KW - Welfare

KW - Cooperation

KW - Generosity

KW - Vigilance

U2 - 10.1332/204378920x15989751152011

DO - 10.1332/204378920x15989751152011

M3 - Journal article

JO - Global Discourse

JF - Global Discourse

SN - 2326-9995

ER -