Rights statement: Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).
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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Gravity of human impacts mediates coral reef conservation gains
AU - Cinner, Joshua
AU - Marie, E
AU - Huchery, C
AU - MacNeil, MA
AU - Graham, Nicholas Anthony James
AU - Mora, C
AU - McClanahan, TR
AU - Barnes, ML
AU - Kittinger, JN
AU - Hicks, Christina
AU - D'Agata, S
AU - Hoey, AS
AU - Gurney, GG
AU - Feary, DA
AU - Williams, ID
AU - Kulbicki, M
AU - Vigliola, L
AU - Wantiez, L
AU - Edgar, GJ
AU - Stuart-Smith, RD
AU - Sandin, SA
AU - Green, A
AU - Hardt, MJ
AU - Beger, M
AU - Friedlander, AM
AU - Wilson, SK
AU - Brokovich, E
AU - Brooks, AJ
AU - Cruz-Motta, JJ
AU - Booth, DJ
AU - Chabanet, P
AU - Gough, C
AU - Tupper, M
AU - Ferse, SCA
AU - Sumaila, UR
AU - Pardede, S
AU - Mouillot, D
N1 - Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).
PY - 2018/7/3
Y1 - 2018/7/3
N2 - Coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics, but reef conditions are declining worldwide. Effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized. Our global analysis of nearly 1,800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape, measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs (“gravity”), diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators, even where compliance with reserve rules is high. Critically, fish biomass in high-compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low. Similarly, the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero, even in high-compliance marine reserves. However, we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves (what we refer to as conservation gains) are highest for fish biomass (excluding predators) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low. Our results illustrate critical ecological trade-offs in meeting key conservation objectives: reserves placed where there are moderate-to-high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass, yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher-order predation, which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts.
AB - Coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics, but reef conditions are declining worldwide. Effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized. Our global analysis of nearly 1,800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape, measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs (“gravity”), diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators, even where compliance with reserve rules is high. Critically, fish biomass in high-compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low. Similarly, the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero, even in high-compliance marine reserves. However, we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves (what we refer to as conservation gains) are highest for fish biomass (excluding predators) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low. Our results illustrate critical ecological trade-offs in meeting key conservation objectives: reserves placed where there are moderate-to-high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass, yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher-order predation, which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts.
U2 - 10.1073/pnas.1708001115
DO - 10.1073/pnas.1708001115
M3 - Journal article
VL - 115
SP - E6116-E6125
JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
SN - 0027-8424
IS - 27
ER -