In this research, we monitored the change (degeneration or improvement) in meadow vegetation over an approximately 12-year timespan in the typical steppe area of Inner Mongolia in China. Linear trend analysis (LTA) and the MOD13Q1-NDVI time series data were used to evaluate the changes in the net primary productivity (NPP) during the vegetation growing seasons between 2000 and 2011. The Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model was used, and the relationship between the vegetation change and meadow NPP was analyzed and validated with field data collected in 2011. The results indicate the following: (1) the growth status and NPP of the meadow vegetation in the typical steppe area of Inner Mongolia varied greatly for each year without an obvious linear trend between the change of meadow vegetation and NPP; (2) additional analysis with field measured data, collected in 2011, revealed that the average dry weight of the above-ground biomass in the area where the NPP had increased was less than that in the area where it had decreased; the dry weight of the above-ground biomass of the meadow vegetation that showed degeneration was greater than that of the meadow vegetation that showed improvement; (3) a possible reason for the phenomenon mentioned in (2) was that the government protected the degenerated meadows with less biomass, which led to vegetation growth and increased NPP, whereas the meadows that had not been degenerated or showed only minor degeneration and still received rich biomass were over-grazed, causing the NPP to decline.