TY - JOUR

T1 - In-situ pillared MXene as a viable zinc-ion hybrid capacitor

AU - Maughan, Philip A.

AU - Tapia-Ruiz, Nuria

AU - Bimbo, Nuno

N1 - This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Electrochimica Acta. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Electrochimica Acta, 341, 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136061

PY - 2020/5/1

Y1 - 2020/5/1

N2 - MXenes are recently discovered two-dimensional materials which have shown great promise in electrochemical energy storage. However, the majority of research has been on lithium and sodium systems, with little work done on multivalent ion systems, which have an urgent need for new electrode materials. In particular, zinc-ion aqueous systems have significant promise due to the widespread use of zinc batteries and the abundance (24th most abundant element on Earth), high specific capacity (>800 mAh g−1) and low toxicity of zinc. Only a few materials are reported to act as reversible zinc-ion hosts, hindering developments of this technology. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that Ti3C2, the most studied MXene to date, can act as a reversible zinc-ion host for a hybrid capacitor using an aqueous zinc sulphate electrolyte. In addition, we report a novel in-situ pillaring method where CTAB is used to increase the Zn-ion uptake, with capacities up to 189 mAh g−1. A detailed mechanistic study that encompasses diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy techniques was conducted to shed light on the structure and kinetics of the system. This understanding was used to optimise the electrode performance, resulting in outstanding cycling stability of over 96% over 1000 cycles. We believe this study will pave the pathway towards designing new pillared MXenes in low-cost Zn-ion aqueous systems.

AB - MXenes are recently discovered two-dimensional materials which have shown great promise in electrochemical energy storage. However, the majority of research has been on lithium and sodium systems, with little work done on multivalent ion systems, which have an urgent need for new electrode materials. In particular, zinc-ion aqueous systems have significant promise due to the widespread use of zinc batteries and the abundance (24th most abundant element on Earth), high specific capacity (>800 mAh g−1) and low toxicity of zinc. Only a few materials are reported to act as reversible zinc-ion hosts, hindering developments of this technology. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that Ti3C2, the most studied MXene to date, can act as a reversible zinc-ion host for a hybrid capacitor using an aqueous zinc sulphate electrolyte. In addition, we report a novel in-situ pillaring method where CTAB is used to increase the Zn-ion uptake, with capacities up to 189 mAh g−1. A detailed mechanistic study that encompasses diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy techniques was conducted to shed light on the structure and kinetics of the system. This understanding was used to optimise the electrode performance, resulting in outstanding cycling stability of over 96% over 1000 cycles. We believe this study will pave the pathway towards designing new pillared MXenes in low-cost Zn-ion aqueous systems.

KW - MXenes

KW - Zn-ion capacitors

KW - Energy storage

U2 - 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136061

DO - 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136061

M3 - Journal article

VL - 341

JO - Electrochimica Acta

JF - Electrochimica Acta

SN - 0013-4686

M1 - 136061

ER -