This paper examines the economic, principally labour market, success of Australia’s immigrants across ethnic groups in Australia using unit record data from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. The 2001 Census is distinguished from earlier Census in Australia by information on the ancestry of an immigrant as well as their place of birth and/or point of departure to Australia and therefore allows much greater concentration on the role of ethnicity in economic success. Immigrant outcomes, in terms of income, labour market status and occupational attainment are compared to those born in Australia and the determinants of these outcomes are examined using econometric methods.