TY - JOUR

T1 - Multi-dimensional approaches to scaling up coral reef restoration

AU - Lamont, T.A.C.

AU - Razak, T.B.

AU - Djohani, R.

AU - Janetski, N.

AU - Rapi, S.

AU - Mars, F.

AU - Smith, D.J.

PY - 2022/9/30

Y1 - 2022/9/30

N2 - Local and global stressors have led to rapid declines in coral reef health around the world. A range of active restoration techniques have recently been introduced in attempts to stem and reverse this decline, but their efficacy is debated. In particular, restoration faces the challenge of scale; successful projects must be deployed quickly over large areas, without being prohibitively expensive. Indonesia has more coral reefs – and more coral reef restoration programmes – than any other country on Earth. The past two decades have seen a rapid expansion in the scale of Indonesia's restoration efforts. Having started in the 1980s, there are now hundreds of individual programmes across the country, several of which have outplanted tens of thousands of corals. Here, we identify ten different social, economic and environmental approaches that have contributed to this scaling up of reef restoration in Indonesia. We discuss the theoretical basis for each approach and provide case studies of their implementation from sixteen different Indonesian programmes. In combination, these diverse approaches have created opportunities to increase the operational efficiency, spatial scale, speed of deployment and social inclusivity of reef restoration in many different contexts. Their examples represent valuable learning experiences, highlighting a range of mechanisms through which management and policy interventions might aim to increase the scale of coral reef restoration. By combining ecological, social and economic strategies in a multi-dimensional approach to scale-up, reef restoration can deliver more beneficial and equitable outcomes locally, regionally and globally.

AB - Local and global stressors have led to rapid declines in coral reef health around the world. A range of active restoration techniques have recently been introduced in attempts to stem and reverse this decline, but their efficacy is debated. In particular, restoration faces the challenge of scale; successful projects must be deployed quickly over large areas, without being prohibitively expensive. Indonesia has more coral reefs – and more coral reef restoration programmes – than any other country on Earth. The past two decades have seen a rapid expansion in the scale of Indonesia's restoration efforts. Having started in the 1980s, there are now hundreds of individual programmes across the country, several of which have outplanted tens of thousands of corals. Here, we identify ten different social, economic and environmental approaches that have contributed to this scaling up of reef restoration in Indonesia. We discuss the theoretical basis for each approach and provide case studies of their implementation from sixteen different Indonesian programmes. In combination, these diverse approaches have created opportunities to increase the operational efficiency, spatial scale, speed of deployment and social inclusivity of reef restoration in many different contexts. Their examples represent valuable learning experiences, highlighting a range of mechanisms through which management and policy interventions might aim to increase the scale of coral reef restoration. By combining ecological, social and economic strategies in a multi-dimensional approach to scale-up, reef restoration can deliver more beneficial and equitable outcomes locally, regionally and globally.

KW - Coral reef restoration

KW - Rehabilitation

KW - Scale

KW - Indonesia

KW - Ecosystem restoration

U2 - 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105199

DO - 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105199

M3 - Journal article

VL - 143

JO - Marine Policy

JF - Marine Policy

SN - 0308-597X

M1 - 105199

ER -