TY - JOUR

T1 - Osmolality as a novel mechanism explaining diet effects on the outcome of infection with a blood parasite

AU - Wilson, Kenneth

AU - Holdbrook, Robert

AU - Reavey, Catherine

AU - Randall, Joanna

AU - Tummala Munuswamy, Yamini

AU - Ponton, Fleur

AU - Simpson, Stephen J.

AU - Smith, Judith

AU - Cotter, Sheena

PY - 2020/7/6

Y1 - 2020/7/6

N2 - Recent research has suggested that the outcome of host-parasite interactions is dependent on the diet of the host, but most previous studies have focussed on ‘top down’ mechanisms i.e. how the host’s diet improves the host immune response to drive down the parasite population and improve host fitness. In contrast, the direct impacts of host nutrition on parasite fitness or the mechanisms underpinning these effects are relatively unexplored. Here, using a model host-pathogen system (Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars and Xenorhabdus nematophila, an extracellular bacterial blood parasite), we explore the effects of host dietary macronutrient balance on pathogen growth rates both in vivo and in vitro, allowing us to compare pathogen growth rates both in the presence and absence of the host immune response. In vivo, high dietary protein resulted in lower rates of bacterial establishment, slower bacterial growth, higher host survival and slower speed of host death; in contrast, the energy content and amount of carbohydrate in the diet explained little variation in any measure of pathogen or host fitness. In vitro, we show that these effects are largely driven by the impact of host dietary protein on host hemolymph (blood) osmolality (i.e. its concentration of solutes), with bacterial growth being slower in protein-rich, high osmolality, hemolymphs, highlighting a novel ‘bottom up’ mechanism by which host diet can impact both pathogen and host fitness.

AB - Recent research has suggested that the outcome of host-parasite interactions is dependent on the diet of the host, but most previous studies have focussed on ‘top down’ mechanisms i.e. how the host’s diet improves the host immune response to drive down the parasite population and improve host fitness. In contrast, the direct impacts of host nutrition on parasite fitness or the mechanisms underpinning these effects are relatively unexplored. Here, using a model host-pathogen system (Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars and Xenorhabdus nematophila, an extracellular bacterial blood parasite), we explore the effects of host dietary macronutrient balance on pathogen growth rates both in vivo and in vitro, allowing us to compare pathogen growth rates both in the presence and absence of the host immune response. In vivo, high dietary protein resulted in lower rates of bacterial establishment, slower bacterial growth, higher host survival and slower speed of host death; in contrast, the energy content and amount of carbohydrate in the diet explained little variation in any measure of pathogen or host fitness. In vitro, we show that these effects are largely driven by the impact of host dietary protein on host hemolymph (blood) osmolality (i.e. its concentration of solutes), with bacterial growth being slower in protein-rich, high osmolality, hemolymphs, highlighting a novel ‘bottom up’ mechanism by which host diet can impact both pathogen and host fitness.

KW - Osmolality

U2 - 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.058

DO - 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.058

M3 - Journal article

VL - 30

SP - 2459

EP - 2467

JO - Current Biology

JF - Current Biology

SN - 0960-9822

IS - 13

ER -