Significant advances in Rubisco research over the past decade have highlighted the intricate nature of the CO2-fixing enzyme and the complexity of environmental and cellular factors that affect its activity in photosynthetic organisms. This special issue offers comprehensive coverage of all things Rubisco (Fig. 1), from functional diversity to folding and assembly, in vivo regulation of its activity, including the role of its molecular partner, Rubisco activase (Rca), as well as sugar phosphate derivatives that inhibit activity.