TY - JOUR

T1 - Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air in Turkey

T2 - Regional Sources and Controlling Factors

AU - Gungormus, E.

AU - Sofuoglu, A.

AU - Celik, H.

AU - Gedik, K.

AU - Mulder, M.D.

AU - Lammel, G.

AU - Sofuoglu, S.C.

AU - Okten, E.

AU - Ugranli, T.

AU - Birgul, A.

AU - Jones, K.C.

AU - Kurt-Karakus, P.B.

N1 - This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Environmental Science and Technology, copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c06272

PY - 2021/7/20

Y1 - 2021/7/20

N2 - As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of σDDX (sum of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for σHCHs (sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas.

AB - As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of σDDX (sum of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for σHCHs (sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas.

KW - active sampling

KW - organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)

KW - particle dispersion modeling

KW - polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

KW - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

KW - Turkey

KW - Atmospheric movements

KW - Isomers

KW - Polychlorinated biphenyls

KW - Temperature distribution

KW - Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

KW - Lagrangian particle dispersion model

KW - Long-range atmospheric transports

KW - Organochlorine pesticides

KW - Persistent organic pollutant (POP)

KW - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs)

KW - Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)

KW - Potential source regions

KW - Organic pollutants

U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.0c06272

DO - 10.1021/acs.est.0c06272

M3 - Journal article

VL - 55

SP - 9434

EP - 9443

JO - Environmental Science and Technology

JF - Environmental Science and Technology

SN - 0013-936X

IS - 14

ER -