Final published version
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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Serial position, output order, and list length effects for words presented on smartphones over very long intervals
AU - Cortis Mack, Cathleen
AU - Cinel, Caterina
AU - Davies, Nigel
AU - Harding, Michael
AU - Ward, Geoff
PY - 2017/12
Y1 - 2017/12
N2 - Three experiments examined whether or not benchmark findings observed in the immediate retrieval from episodic memory are similarly observed over much greater time-scales. Participants were presented with experimentally-controlled lists of words at the very slow rate of one word every hour using an iPhone recall application, RECAPP, which was also used to recall the words in either any order (free recall: Experiments 1 to 3) or the same order as presented (serial recall: Experiment 3). We found strong temporal contiguity effects, weak serial position effects with very limited recency, and clear list length effects in free recall; clear primacy effects and classic error gradients in serial recall; and recency effects in a final two-alternative forced choice recognition task (Experiments 2 and 3). Our findings extend the timescales over which temporal contiguity effects have been observed, but failed to find consistent evidence for strong long-term recency effects with experimenter-controlled stimuli.
AB - Three experiments examined whether or not benchmark findings observed in the immediate retrieval from episodic memory are similarly observed over much greater time-scales. Participants were presented with experimentally-controlled lists of words at the very slow rate of one word every hour using an iPhone recall application, RECAPP, which was also used to recall the words in either any order (free recall: Experiments 1 to 3) or the same order as presented (serial recall: Experiment 3). We found strong temporal contiguity effects, weak serial position effects with very limited recency, and clear list length effects in free recall; clear primacy effects and classic error gradients in serial recall; and recency effects in a final two-alternative forced choice recognition task (Experiments 2 and 3). Our findings extend the timescales over which temporal contiguity effects have been observed, but failed to find consistent evidence for strong long-term recency effects with experimenter-controlled stimuli.
KW - Smartphone
KW - Free recall
KW - Serial recall
KW - Temporal contiguity effects
KW - Time-scale invariance
KW - Recognition memory
U2 - 10.1016/j.jml.2017.07.009
DO - 10.1016/j.jml.2017.07.009
M3 - Journal article
VL - 97
SP - 61
EP - 80
JO - Journal of Memory and Language
JF - Journal of Memory and Language
SN - 0749-596X
ER -