TY - JOUR

T1 - Sharing the seas

T2 - A review and analysis of ocean sector interactions

AU - Crona, B.

AU - Wassénius, E.

AU - Lillepold, K.

AU - Watson, R.A.

AU - Selig, E.R.

AU - Hicks, C.

AU - Österblom, H.

AU - Folke, C.

AU - Jouffray, J.-B.

AU - Blasiak, R.

PY - 2021/6/4

Y1 - 2021/6/4

N2 - Ocean activities are rapidly expanding as Blue Economy discussions gain traction, creating new potential synergies and conflicts between sectors. To better manage ocean sectors and their development, we need to understand how they interact and the respective outcomes of these interactions. To provide a first comprehensive picture of the situation, we review 3187 articles to map and analyze interactions between economically important ocean sectors and find 93 unique direct and 61 indirect interactions, often mediated via the ocean ecosystem. Analysis of interaction outcomes reveals that some sectors coexist synergistically (e.g. renewable energy, tourism), but many interactions are antagonistic, and negative effects on other sectors are often incurred via degradation of marine ecosystems. The analysis also shows that ocean ecosystems are fundamental for supporting many ocean sectors, yet 13 out of 14 ocean sectors have interactions resulting in unidirectional negative ecosystem impact. Fishing, drilling, and shipping are hubs in the network of ocean sector interactions, and are involved in many of the antagonistic interactions. Antagonistic interactions signal trade-offs between sectors. Qualitative analysis of the literature shows that these tradeoffs relate to the cumulative nature of many ecosystem impacts incurred by some sectors, and the differential power of ocean sectors to exert their rights or demands in the development of the ocean domain. There are also often time lags in how impacts manifest. The ocean governance landscape is not currently well-equipped to deal with the full range of trade-offs, and opportunities, likely to arise in the pursuit of a Blue Economy in a rapidly changing ocean context. Based on our analysis, we therefore propose a set principles that can begin to guide strategic decision-making, by identifying both tradeoffs and opportunities for sustainable and equitable development of ocean sectors. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd

AB - Ocean activities are rapidly expanding as Blue Economy discussions gain traction, creating new potential synergies and conflicts between sectors. To better manage ocean sectors and their development, we need to understand how they interact and the respective outcomes of these interactions. To provide a first comprehensive picture of the situation, we review 3187 articles to map and analyze interactions between economically important ocean sectors and find 93 unique direct and 61 indirect interactions, often mediated via the ocean ecosystem. Analysis of interaction outcomes reveals that some sectors coexist synergistically (e.g. renewable energy, tourism), but many interactions are antagonistic, and negative effects on other sectors are often incurred via degradation of marine ecosystems. The analysis also shows that ocean ecosystems are fundamental for supporting many ocean sectors, yet 13 out of 14 ocean sectors have interactions resulting in unidirectional negative ecosystem impact. Fishing, drilling, and shipping are hubs in the network of ocean sector interactions, and are involved in many of the antagonistic interactions. Antagonistic interactions signal trade-offs between sectors. Qualitative analysis of the literature shows that these tradeoffs relate to the cumulative nature of many ecosystem impacts incurred by some sectors, and the differential power of ocean sectors to exert their rights or demands in the development of the ocean domain. There are also often time lags in how impacts manifest. The ocean governance landscape is not currently well-equipped to deal with the full range of trade-offs, and opportunities, likely to arise in the pursuit of a Blue Economy in a rapidly changing ocean context. Based on our analysis, we therefore propose a set principles that can begin to guide strategic decision-making, by identifying both tradeoffs and opportunities for sustainable and equitable development of ocean sectors. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd

KW - Blue Economy

KW - Economic sector

KW - Interactions

KW - Ocean

KW - Synergies

KW - Trade-offs

KW - Commerce

KW - Decision making

KW - Economic and social effects

KW - Ecosystems

KW - Antagonistic interactions

KW - Differential power

KW - Indirect interactions

KW - Ocean ecosystems

KW - Potential synergies

KW - Qualitative analysis

KW - Renewable energies

KW - Strategic decision making

KW - Oceanography

U2 - 10.1088/1748-9326/ac02ed

DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ac02ed

M3 - Journal article

VL - 16

JO - Environmental Research Letters

JF - Environmental Research Letters

SN - 1748-9326

IS - 6

M1 - 063005

ER -