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The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context

Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Literature review › peer-review

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The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. / Gatherer, Derek.
In: Journal of Clinical Virology, Vol. 45, No. 3, 07.2009, p. 174-178.

Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Literature review › peer-review

Harvard

Gatherer, D 2009, 'The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context', Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

APA

Gatherer, D. (2009). The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. Journal of Clinical Virology, 45(3), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

Vancouver

Gatherer D. The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2009 Jul;45(3):174-178. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

Author

Gatherer, Derek. / The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. In: Journal of Clinical Virology. 2009 ; Vol. 45, No. 3. pp. 174-178.

Bibtex

@article{f6fd27f4cc354e25b714cdfba51eb89f,
title = "The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context",
abstract = "Of the 16 known serotypes of influenza A haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (H1, H2, H3). Traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza A viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. H5, from avian H5N1 influenza, has been the major cause for concern in recent years. However, the 2009 H1N1 zoonotic event demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. The protein sequence divergence of the 2009 zoonotic H1 from human seasonal influenza H1 is around 20-24%. A similar level of divergence is found between the 2009 H1 and European swine flu. By contrast, its divergence from North American swine flu strains is around 1-9%. Given that the divergence between H1 and its nearest serotype neighbour H2 is around 40-46%, the 2009 H1 may be broadly considered as halfway towards a new serotype. The current situation is one of antigenic pseudo-shift.",
keywords = "Influenza A, Swine flu, Porcine influenza, H1N1, Pandemic, Zoonotic, POSITIVE SELECTION, A VIRUS, EVOLUTION",
author = "Derek Gatherer",
year = "2009",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004",
language = "English",
volume = "45",
pages = "174--178",
journal = "Journal of Clinical Virology",
issn = "1386-6532",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "3",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context

AU - Gatherer, Derek

PY - 2009/7

Y1 - 2009/7

N2 - Of the 16 known serotypes of influenza A haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (H1, H2, H3). Traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza A viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. H5, from avian H5N1 influenza, has been the major cause for concern in recent years. However, the 2009 H1N1 zoonotic event demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. The protein sequence divergence of the 2009 zoonotic H1 from human seasonal influenza H1 is around 20-24%. A similar level of divergence is found between the 2009 H1 and European swine flu. By contrast, its divergence from North American swine flu strains is around 1-9%. Given that the divergence between H1 and its nearest serotype neighbour H2 is around 40-46%, the 2009 H1 may be broadly considered as halfway towards a new serotype. The current situation is one of antigenic pseudo-shift.

AB - Of the 16 known serotypes of influenza A haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (H1, H2, H3). Traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza A viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. H5, from avian H5N1 influenza, has been the major cause for concern in recent years. However, the 2009 H1N1 zoonotic event demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. The protein sequence divergence of the 2009 zoonotic H1 from human seasonal influenza H1 is around 20-24%. A similar level of divergence is found between the 2009 H1 and European swine flu. By contrast, its divergence from North American swine flu strains is around 1-9%. Given that the divergence between H1 and its nearest serotype neighbour H2 is around 40-46%, the 2009 H1 may be broadly considered as halfway towards a new serotype. The current situation is one of antigenic pseudo-shift.

KW - Influenza A

KW - Swine flu

KW - Porcine influenza

KW - H1N1

KW - Pandemic

KW - Zoonotic

KW - POSITIVE SELECTION

KW - A VIRUS

KW - EVOLUTION

U2 - 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.004

M3 - Literature review

VL - 45

SP - 174

EP - 178

JO - Journal of Clinical Virology

JF - Journal of Clinical Virology

SN - 1386-6532

IS - 3

ER -