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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of heavy smoking on retirement risk
T2 - A mendelian randomisation analysis
AU - Gaggero, Alessio
AU - Ajnakina, Olesya
AU - Zucchelli, Eugenio
AU - Hackett, Ruth A
PY - 2024/10/31
Y1 - 2024/10/31
N2 - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The extent to which heavy smoking and retirement risk are causally related remains to be determined. To overcome the endogeneity of heavy smoking behaviour, we employed a novel approach by exploiting the genetic predisposition to heavy smoking, as measured with a polygenic risk score (PGS), in a Mendelian Randomisation approach.METHODS: 8164 participants (mean age 68.86 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing had complete data on smoking behaviour, employment and a heavy smoking PGS. Heavy smoking was indexed as smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day. A time-to-event Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, using a complementary log-log (cloglog) link function, was employed to model the retirement risk.RESULTS: Our results show that being a heavy smoker significantly increases the risk of retirement (β = 1.324, standard error = 0.622, p < 0.05). Results were robust to a battery of checks and a placebo analysis considering the never-smokers.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings support a causal pathway from heavy smoking to earlier retirement.
AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The extent to which heavy smoking and retirement risk are causally related remains to be determined. To overcome the endogeneity of heavy smoking behaviour, we employed a novel approach by exploiting the genetic predisposition to heavy smoking, as measured with a polygenic risk score (PGS), in a Mendelian Randomisation approach.METHODS: 8164 participants (mean age 68.86 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing had complete data on smoking behaviour, employment and a heavy smoking PGS. Heavy smoking was indexed as smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day. A time-to-event Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, using a complementary log-log (cloglog) link function, was employed to model the retirement risk.RESULTS: Our results show that being a heavy smoker significantly increases the risk of retirement (β = 1.324, standard error = 0.622, p < 0.05). Results were robust to a battery of checks and a placebo analysis considering the never-smokers.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings support a causal pathway from heavy smoking to earlier retirement.
KW - Polygenic Risk Scores
KW - Mendelian Randomisation
KW - Retirement risk
KW - Smoking
U2 - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108078
DO - 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108078
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 38889551
VL - 157
JO - Addictive Behaviors
JF - Addictive Behaviors
SN - 0306-4603
M1 - 108078
ER -