While the economic and clinical burden of chronic diseases are well documented, their environmental impact remains poorly understood. We developed a framework to estimate the environmental impact of a disease care pathway using chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an example. A life cycle assessment framework was developed for the CKD care pathway and validated by experts. Life cycle stages were characterised for resource utilisation based on a literature review and ecoinvent database inputs, in ten countries. The ReCiPe impact assessment method was used to calculate impacts across multiple environmental dimensions. At CKD stage 5, kidney replacement therapies (KRT) have highest impact; emissions ranged between 3.5 and 43.9 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO e) per session depending on dialysis modality, and 336-2022 kg CO e for kidney transplant surgery, depending on donor type. Hospitalisations have a substantial environmental impact: a 1-day intensive care stay had highest impact (66.4-143.6 kg CO e), followed by a 1-day hospital stay (28.8-63.9 kg CO e) and an 8-h emergency room visit (14.4-27.5 kg CO e). Patient transport to and from healthcare sites was a key driver of environmental impact for all life cycle stages, representing up to 99.5% of total CO e emissions. Full care pathways should be analysed alongside specific healthcare processes. Application of this framework enables quantification of the environmental benefits of preventative medicine and effective management of chronic diseases. For CKD, early diagnosis, and proactive management to reduce the need for KRT and hospitalisations could improve patient outcomes and reduce environmental burden. [Abstract copyright: © 2024. The Author(s).]