An additive manufactured TiB2/Al-Cu-Mg-Ni composite with a minor amount of Sc was fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The composite shows a yield strength of ∼370 MPa, almost doubling the strength of its wrought matrix counterpart, and an elongation of ∼7 %. The superior mechanical properties are attributed to a unique micro-nano hierarchical microstructure, consisting of nanoscale and microscale TiB2 particles dispersed in a matrix of fine aluminum grains (3 µm) together with intragranular intermetallic nanoparticles and nano-cellular networks (cell size 30 nm). The formation of the TiB2 nanoparticles is the consequence of partial dissolution of the TiB2 particulates and the enrichment of Sc in the newly formed nanoparticles. Remarkable strengthening effects are achieved by the bimodal TiB2 particles, intermetallic nanoparticles and intragranular nano-cellular networks. This study provides new insights into the role of additive manufacturing in tailoring the microstructure of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) with advanced properties.