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Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k

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Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k. / The DarkSide-20k Collaboration ; Franchini, P.; Nowak, J.
In: Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 20, No. 2, P02016, 18.02.2025.

Research output: Contribution to Journal/MagazineJournal articlepeer-review

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The DarkSide-20k Collaboration, Franchini P, Nowak J. Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k. Journal of Instrumentation. 2025 Feb 18;20(2):P02016. doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/P02016

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The DarkSide-20k Collaboration ; Franchini, P. ; Nowak, J. / Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k. In: Journal of Instrumentation. 2025 ; Vol. 20, No. 2.

Bibtex

@article{04ea26a97ebd4f918a433215e16d6024,
title = "Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k",
abstract = " DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within $\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design, including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities. ",
keywords = "physics.ins-det, hep-ex",
author = "{The DarkSide-20k Collaboration} and F. Acerbi and P. Adhikari and P. Agnes and I. Ahmad and S. Albergo and Albuquerque, {I. F. M.} and T. Alexander and Alton, {A. K.} and P. Amaudruz and M. Angiolilli and E. Aprile and R. Ardito and Corona, {M. Atzori} and Auty, {D. J.} and M. Ave and Avetisov, {I. C.} and O. Azzolini and Back, {H. O.} and Z. Balmforth and Olmedo, {A. Barrado} and P. Barrillon and G. Batignani and P. Bhowmick and S. Blua and V. Bocci and W. Bonivento and B. Bottino and Boulay, {M. G.} and A. Buchowicz and S. Bussino and J. Busto and M. Cadeddu and M. Cadoni and R. Calabrese and V. Camillo and A. Caminata and N. Canci and A. Capra and M. Caravati and M. C{\'a}rdenas-Montes and N. Cargioli and M. Carlini and A. Castellani and P. Castello and P. Cavalcante and S. Cebrian and P. Franchini and J. Nowak",
year = "2025",
month = feb,
day = "18",
doi = "10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/P02016",
language = "English",
volume = "20",
journal = "Journal of Instrumentation",
issn = "1748-0221",
publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing",
number = "2",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k

AU - The DarkSide-20k Collaboration

AU - Acerbi, F.

AU - Adhikari, P.

AU - Agnes, P.

AU - Ahmad, I.

AU - Albergo, S.

AU - Albuquerque, I. F. M.

AU - Alexander, T.

AU - Alton, A. K.

AU - Amaudruz, P.

AU - Angiolilli, M.

AU - Aprile, E.

AU - Ardito, R.

AU - Corona, M. Atzori

AU - Auty, D. J.

AU - Ave, M.

AU - Avetisov, I. C.

AU - Azzolini, O.

AU - Back, H. O.

AU - Balmforth, Z.

AU - Olmedo, A. Barrado

AU - Barrillon, P.

AU - Batignani, G.

AU - Bhowmick, P.

AU - Blua, S.

AU - Bocci, V.

AU - Bonivento, W.

AU - Bottino, B.

AU - Boulay, M. G.

AU - Buchowicz, A.

AU - Bussino, S.

AU - Busto, J.

AU - Cadeddu, M.

AU - Cadoni, M.

AU - Calabrese, R.

AU - Camillo, V.

AU - Caminata, A.

AU - Canci, N.

AU - Capra, A.

AU - Caravati, M.

AU - Cárdenas-Montes, M.

AU - Cargioli, N.

AU - Carlini, M.

AU - Castellani, A.

AU - Castello, P.

AU - Cavalcante, P.

AU - Cebrian, S.

AU - Franchini, P.

AU - Nowak, J.

PY - 2025/2/18

Y1 - 2025/2/18

N2 - DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within $\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design, including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities.

AB - DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within $\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design, including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities.

KW - physics.ins-det

KW - hep-ex

U2 - 10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/P02016

DO - 10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/P02016

M3 - Journal article

VL - 20

JO - Journal of Instrumentation

JF - Journal of Instrumentation

SN - 1748-0221

IS - 2

M1 - P02016

ER -