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Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients

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Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. / Owen, S.I.; Hossain, F.; Ghosh, P. et al.
In: Parasites and Vectors, Vol. 14, No. 1, 111, 17.02.2021.

Research output: Contribution to Journal/MagazineJournal articlepeer-review

Harvard

Owen, SI, Hossain, F, Ghosh, P, Chowdhury, R, Hossain, MS, Jewell, C, Cruz, I, Picado, A, Mondal, D & Adams, ER 2021, 'Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients', Parasites and Vectors, vol. 14, no. 1, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8

APA

Owen, S. I., Hossain, F., Ghosh, P., Chowdhury, R., Hossain, M. S., Jewell, C., Cruz, I., Picado, A., Mondal, D., & Adams, E. R. (2021). Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), Article 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8

Vancouver

Owen SI, Hossain F, Ghosh P, Chowdhury R, Hossain MS, Jewell C et al. Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. Parasites and Vectors. 2021 Feb 17;14(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8

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Bibtex

@article{61ea206628e04c25beaaacbfa2ba5804,
title = "Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients",
abstract = "Background: Asymptomatic Leishmania infections outnumber clinical infections on the Indian subcontinent (ISC), where disease reservoirs are anthroponotic. Diagnostics which detect active asymptomatic infection, which are suitable for monitoring and surveillance, may be of benefit to the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination campaign on the ISC. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the direct agglutination test (DAT) were carried out on blood samples, and the Leishmania antigen ELISA was carried out on urine samples collected from 720 household and neighbouring contacts of 276 VL and post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) index cases, with no symptoms or history of VL or PKDL, in endemic regions of Bangladesh between September 2016 and March 2018. Results: Of the 720 contacts of index cases, asymptomatic infection was detected in 69 (9.6%) participants by a combination of qPCR (1.0%), LAMP (2.1%), DAT (3.9%), and Leishmania antigen ELISA (3.3%). Only one (0.1%) participant was detected positive by all four diagnostic tests. Poor agreement between tests was calculated using Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa (κ) statistics; however, the Leishmania antigen ELISA and DAT in combination captured all participants as positive by more than one test. We find evidence for a moderately strong association between the index case being a PKDL case (OR 1.94, p = 0.009), specifically macular PKDL (OR 2.12, p = 0.004), and being positive for at least one of the four tests. Conclusions: Leishmania antigen ELISA on urine detects active asymptomatic infection, requires a non-invasive sample, and therefore may be of benefit for monitoring transmission and surveillance in an elimination setting in combination with serology. Development of an antigen detection test in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) format would be of benefit to the elimination campaign.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] ",
keywords = "Asymptomatic Leishmania infection, Diagnostics, Elimination, Leishmania antigen ELISA, qPCR, Visceral leishmaniasis",
author = "S.I. Owen and F. Hossain and P. Ghosh and R. Chowdhury and M.S. Hossain and C. Jewell and I. Cruz and A. Picado and D. Mondal and E.R. Adams",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
day = "17",
doi = "10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8",
language = "English",
volume = "14",
journal = "Parasites and Vectors",
issn = "1756-3305",
publisher = "BioMed Central",
number = "1",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients

AU - Owen, S.I.

AU - Hossain, F.

AU - Ghosh, P.

AU - Chowdhury, R.

AU - Hossain, M.S.

AU - Jewell, C.

AU - Cruz, I.

AU - Picado, A.

AU - Mondal, D.

AU - Adams, E.R.

PY - 2021/2/17

Y1 - 2021/2/17

N2 - Background: Asymptomatic Leishmania infections outnumber clinical infections on the Indian subcontinent (ISC), where disease reservoirs are anthroponotic. Diagnostics which detect active asymptomatic infection, which are suitable for monitoring and surveillance, may be of benefit to the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination campaign on the ISC. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the direct agglutination test (DAT) were carried out on blood samples, and the Leishmania antigen ELISA was carried out on urine samples collected from 720 household and neighbouring contacts of 276 VL and post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) index cases, with no symptoms or history of VL or PKDL, in endemic regions of Bangladesh between September 2016 and March 2018. Results: Of the 720 contacts of index cases, asymptomatic infection was detected in 69 (9.6%) participants by a combination of qPCR (1.0%), LAMP (2.1%), DAT (3.9%), and Leishmania antigen ELISA (3.3%). Only one (0.1%) participant was detected positive by all four diagnostic tests. Poor agreement between tests was calculated using Cohen’s kappa (κ) statistics; however, the Leishmania antigen ELISA and DAT in combination captured all participants as positive by more than one test. We find evidence for a moderately strong association between the index case being a PKDL case (OR 1.94, p = 0.009), specifically macular PKDL (OR 2.12, p = 0.004), and being positive for at least one of the four tests. Conclusions: Leishmania antigen ELISA on urine detects active asymptomatic infection, requires a non-invasive sample, and therefore may be of benefit for monitoring transmission and surveillance in an elimination setting in combination with serology. Development of an antigen detection test in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) format would be of benefit to the elimination campaign.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]

AB - Background: Asymptomatic Leishmania infections outnumber clinical infections on the Indian subcontinent (ISC), where disease reservoirs are anthroponotic. Diagnostics which detect active asymptomatic infection, which are suitable for monitoring and surveillance, may be of benefit to the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination campaign on the ISC. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the direct agglutination test (DAT) were carried out on blood samples, and the Leishmania antigen ELISA was carried out on urine samples collected from 720 household and neighbouring contacts of 276 VL and post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) index cases, with no symptoms or history of VL or PKDL, in endemic regions of Bangladesh between September 2016 and March 2018. Results: Of the 720 contacts of index cases, asymptomatic infection was detected in 69 (9.6%) participants by a combination of qPCR (1.0%), LAMP (2.1%), DAT (3.9%), and Leishmania antigen ELISA (3.3%). Only one (0.1%) participant was detected positive by all four diagnostic tests. Poor agreement between tests was calculated using Cohen’s kappa (κ) statistics; however, the Leishmania antigen ELISA and DAT in combination captured all participants as positive by more than one test. We find evidence for a moderately strong association between the index case being a PKDL case (OR 1.94, p = 0.009), specifically macular PKDL (OR 2.12, p = 0.004), and being positive for at least one of the four tests. Conclusions: Leishmania antigen ELISA on urine detects active asymptomatic infection, requires a non-invasive sample, and therefore may be of benefit for monitoring transmission and surveillance in an elimination setting in combination with serology. Development of an antigen detection test in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) format would be of benefit to the elimination campaign.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]

KW - Asymptomatic Leishmania infection

KW - Diagnostics

KW - Elimination

KW - Leishmania antigen ELISA

KW - qPCR

KW - Visceral leishmaniasis

U2 - 10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8

DO - 10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8

M3 - Journal article

VL - 14

JO - Parasites and Vectors

JF - Parasites and Vectors

SN - 1756-3305

IS - 1

M1 - 111

ER -