In patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, it is usually believed that significant neuropathy is almost universal, but few studies have directly addressed this. This study assessed neuropathy in 91 such subjects, using vibration perception thresholds (VPT) and the neuropathy disability score (NDS). A total of 34% of subjects had no neuropathy on age adjusted VPT (z score) and 26% had no neuropathy on NDS. The severity of neuropathy as measured by VPT z score was related to increasing glycated haemoglobin (P=0.02) and male sex (P=0.03), and NDS was independently associated with age (P<0.0001) and HbA1c (P=0.003). These factors together accounted for only 12 and 31% of the total variance in VPT z score and NDS, respectively. In conclusion, the study has shown that a significant proportion of patients with diabetic nephropathy are free of neuropathy, but the full explanation for their protection from neuropathy is unclear.