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Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review

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Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review. / Brookwell, M. L.; Bentall, R. P.; Varese, F.
In: Psychological Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 12, 12.2013, p. 2465-2475.

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Brookwell ML, Bentall RP, Varese F. Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine. 2013 Dec;43(12):2465-2475. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712002760

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Brookwell, M. L. ; Bentall, R. P. ; Varese, F. / Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies : a meta-analytic review. In: Psychological Medicine. 2013 ; Vol. 43, No. 12. pp. 2465-2475.

Bibtex

@article{cfc8377e98264fd7ae6b28816d2788e0,
title = "Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review",
abstract = "Background. Cognitive models have postulated that auditory hallucinations arise from the misattribution of internally generated cognitive events to external sources. Several experimental paradigms have been developed to assess this externalizing bias in clinical and non-clinical hallucination-prone samples, including source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring and auditory signal detection tasks. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the wealth of empirical findings from these experimental studies.Method. A database search was carried out for reports between January 1985 and March 2012. Additional studies were retrieved by contacting authors and screening references of eligible reports. Studies were considered eligible if they compared either (i) hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients with comparable diagnoses, or (ii) non-clinical hallucination-prone and non-prone participants using source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring or signal detection tasks, or used correlational analyses to estimate comparable effects.Results. The analysis included 15 clinical (240 hallucinating patients and 249 non-hallucinating patients) and nine non-clinical studies (171 hallucination-prone and 177 non-prone participants; 57 participants in a correlation study). Moderate-to-large summary effects were observed in both the clinical and analogue samples. Robust and significant effects were observed in source-monitoring and signal detection studies, but not in self-monitoring studies, possibly due to the small numbers of eligible studies in this subgroup. The use of emotionally valenced stimuli led to effects of similar magnitude to the use of neutral stimuli.Conclusions. The findings suggest that externalizing biases are important cognitive underpinnings of hallucinatory experiences. Clinical interventions targeting these biases should be explored as possible treatments for clients with distressing voices.",
keywords = "Hallucinations, meta-analysis, psychosis, self-monitoring, source monitoring, AUDITORY VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS, COROLLARY DISCHARGE, PSYCHOSIS CONTINUUM, GENERATED SPEECH, SCHIZOPHRENIA, REALITY, MISATTRIBUTION, PRONENESS, DISPOSITION, IMPAIRMENT",
author = "Brookwell, {M. L.} and Bentall, {R. P.} and F. Varese",
year = "2013",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1017/S0033291712002760",
language = "English",
volume = "43",
pages = "2465--2475",
journal = "Psychological Medicine",
issn = "0033-2917",
publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
number = "12",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies

T2 - a meta-analytic review

AU - Brookwell, M. L.

AU - Bentall, R. P.

AU - Varese, F.

PY - 2013/12

Y1 - 2013/12

N2 - Background. Cognitive models have postulated that auditory hallucinations arise from the misattribution of internally generated cognitive events to external sources. Several experimental paradigms have been developed to assess this externalizing bias in clinical and non-clinical hallucination-prone samples, including source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring and auditory signal detection tasks. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the wealth of empirical findings from these experimental studies.Method. A database search was carried out for reports between January 1985 and March 2012. Additional studies were retrieved by contacting authors and screening references of eligible reports. Studies were considered eligible if they compared either (i) hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients with comparable diagnoses, or (ii) non-clinical hallucination-prone and non-prone participants using source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring or signal detection tasks, or used correlational analyses to estimate comparable effects.Results. The analysis included 15 clinical (240 hallucinating patients and 249 non-hallucinating patients) and nine non-clinical studies (171 hallucination-prone and 177 non-prone participants; 57 participants in a correlation study). Moderate-to-large summary effects were observed in both the clinical and analogue samples. Robust and significant effects were observed in source-monitoring and signal detection studies, but not in self-monitoring studies, possibly due to the small numbers of eligible studies in this subgroup. The use of emotionally valenced stimuli led to effects of similar magnitude to the use of neutral stimuli.Conclusions. The findings suggest that externalizing biases are important cognitive underpinnings of hallucinatory experiences. Clinical interventions targeting these biases should be explored as possible treatments for clients with distressing voices.

AB - Background. Cognitive models have postulated that auditory hallucinations arise from the misattribution of internally generated cognitive events to external sources. Several experimental paradigms have been developed to assess this externalizing bias in clinical and non-clinical hallucination-prone samples, including source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring and auditory signal detection tasks. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the wealth of empirical findings from these experimental studies.Method. A database search was carried out for reports between January 1985 and March 2012. Additional studies were retrieved by contacting authors and screening references of eligible reports. Studies were considered eligible if they compared either (i) hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients with comparable diagnoses, or (ii) non-clinical hallucination-prone and non-prone participants using source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring or signal detection tasks, or used correlational analyses to estimate comparable effects.Results. The analysis included 15 clinical (240 hallucinating patients and 249 non-hallucinating patients) and nine non-clinical studies (171 hallucination-prone and 177 non-prone participants; 57 participants in a correlation study). Moderate-to-large summary effects were observed in both the clinical and analogue samples. Robust and significant effects were observed in source-monitoring and signal detection studies, but not in self-monitoring studies, possibly due to the small numbers of eligible studies in this subgroup. The use of emotionally valenced stimuli led to effects of similar magnitude to the use of neutral stimuli.Conclusions. The findings suggest that externalizing biases are important cognitive underpinnings of hallucinatory experiences. Clinical interventions targeting these biases should be explored as possible treatments for clients with distressing voices.

KW - Hallucinations

KW - meta-analysis

KW - psychosis

KW - self-monitoring

KW - source monitoring

KW - AUDITORY VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS

KW - COROLLARY DISCHARGE

KW - PSYCHOSIS CONTINUUM

KW - GENERATED SPEECH

KW - SCHIZOPHRENIA

KW - REALITY

KW - MISATTRIBUTION

KW - PRONENESS

KW - DISPOSITION

KW - IMPAIRMENT

U2 - 10.1017/S0033291712002760

DO - 10.1017/S0033291712002760

M3 - Literature review

VL - 43

SP - 2465

EP - 2475

JO - Psychological Medicine

JF - Psychological Medicine

SN - 0033-2917

IS - 12

ER -