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In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes

Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

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In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes. / Haron, Athia; Li, Lutong; Shuang, Jiawei et al.
In: Scientific Reports, Vol. 15, No. 1, 8804, 14.03.2025.

Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

Harvard

Haron, A, Li, L, Shuang, J, Lin, C, Mansoubi, M, Shi, X, Horn, D, Reeves, N, Bowling, F, Bradbury, K, Eccles, A, Dogan, S, Dawes, H, Cooper, G & Weightman, A 2025, 'In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes', Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 8804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9

APA

Haron, A., Li, L., Shuang, J., Lin, C., Mansoubi, M., Shi, X., Horn, D., Reeves, N., Bowling, F., Bradbury, K., Eccles, A., Dogan, S., Dawes, H., Cooper, G., & Weightman, A. (2025). In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 8804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9

Vancouver

Haron A, Li L, Shuang J, Lin C, Mansoubi M, Shi X et al. In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025 Mar 14;15(1):8804. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9

Author

Haron, Athia ; Li, Lutong ; Shuang, Jiawei et al. / In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes. In: Scientific Reports. 2025 ; Vol. 15, No. 1.

Bibtex

@article{c50795e50ab445ffba6b5f8dc602239f,
title = "In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes",
abstract = "Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the relationships between in-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress during walking and rest periods for participants with and without diabetes. For this purpose, a novel temperature, normal and shear stress sensing system was developed and embedded in an insole at the hallux, first metatarsal head and calcaneus region. Ten participants living with diabetes with no history of previous ulceration and ten healthy participants were recruited. Participants walked on a treadmill for 15 min and then rested for 20 min wearing the sensing insole. Results showed high correlation (Spearman{\textquoteright}s rs ≥ 0.917) between heat energy, total plantar temperature change, during walking and strain energy, cumulative stress squared in all participants. Importantly, between-group comparisons showed indications of thermal regulation differences in participants with and without diabetes, with the first metatarsal head site showing significantly higher temperature at the end of the active period (P = 0.0097) although walking speed and mechanical stress were similar. This research demonstrates for the first time the correlation between strain energy and heat energy in-shoe during gait. Further research is needed to quantify relationships and investigate thermal regulation as a mechanism for DFU formation.",
author = "Athia Haron and Lutong Li and Jiawei Shuang and Chaofan Lin and Maedeh Mansoubi and Xiyu Shi and Daniel Horn and Neil Reeves and Frank Bowling and Katherine Bradbury and Andrew Eccles and Safak Dogan and Helen Dawes and Glen Cooper and Andrew Weightman",
year = "2025",
month = mar,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9",
language = "English",
volume = "15",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - In-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress relationships during gait and rest periods for people living with and without diabetes

AU - Haron, Athia

AU - Li, Lutong

AU - Shuang, Jiawei

AU - Lin, Chaofan

AU - Mansoubi, Maedeh

AU - Shi, Xiyu

AU - Horn, Daniel

AU - Reeves, Neil

AU - Bowling, Frank

AU - Bradbury, Katherine

AU - Eccles, Andrew

AU - Dogan, Safak

AU - Dawes, Helen

AU - Cooper, Glen

AU - Weightman, Andrew

PY - 2025/3/14

Y1 - 2025/3/14

N2 - Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the relationships between in-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress during walking and rest periods for participants with and without diabetes. For this purpose, a novel temperature, normal and shear stress sensing system was developed and embedded in an insole at the hallux, first metatarsal head and calcaneus region. Ten participants living with diabetes with no history of previous ulceration and ten healthy participants were recruited. Participants walked on a treadmill for 15 min and then rested for 20 min wearing the sensing insole. Results showed high correlation (Spearman’s rs ≥ 0.917) between heat energy, total plantar temperature change, during walking and strain energy, cumulative stress squared in all participants. Importantly, between-group comparisons showed indications of thermal regulation differences in participants with and without diabetes, with the first metatarsal head site showing significantly higher temperature at the end of the active period (P = 0.0097) although walking speed and mechanical stress were similar. This research demonstrates for the first time the correlation between strain energy and heat energy in-shoe during gait. Further research is needed to quantify relationships and investigate thermal regulation as a mechanism for DFU formation.

AB - Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the relationships between in-shoe plantar temperature, normal and shear stress during walking and rest periods for participants with and without diabetes. For this purpose, a novel temperature, normal and shear stress sensing system was developed and embedded in an insole at the hallux, first metatarsal head and calcaneus region. Ten participants living with diabetes with no history of previous ulceration and ten healthy participants were recruited. Participants walked on a treadmill for 15 min and then rested for 20 min wearing the sensing insole. Results showed high correlation (Spearman’s rs ≥ 0.917) between heat energy, total plantar temperature change, during walking and strain energy, cumulative stress squared in all participants. Importantly, between-group comparisons showed indications of thermal regulation differences in participants with and without diabetes, with the first metatarsal head site showing significantly higher temperature at the end of the active period (P = 0.0097) although walking speed and mechanical stress were similar. This research demonstrates for the first time the correlation between strain energy and heat energy in-shoe during gait. Further research is needed to quantify relationships and investigate thermal regulation as a mechanism for DFU formation.

U2 - 10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9

DO - 10.1038/s41598-025-91934-9

M3 - Journal article

VL - 15

JO - Scientific Reports

JF - Scientific Reports

SN - 2045-2322

IS - 1

M1 - 8804

ER -