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Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Local-time averaged maps of H3+ emission, temperature and ion winds
AU - Stallard, T.S.
AU - Baines, K.H.
AU - Melin, H.
AU - Bradley, T.J.
AU - Moore, L.
AU - O'Donoghue, J.
AU - Miller, S.
AU - Chowdhury, M.N.
AU - Badman, S.V.
AU - Allison, H.J.
AU - Roussos, E.
PY - 2019/9/1
Y1 - 2019/9/1
N2 - We present Keck-NIRSPEC observations of Saturn's H3+ aurora taken over a period of a month, in support of the Cassini mission's ‘Grand Finale’. These observations produce two-dimensional maps of Saturn's H3+ temperature and ion winds for the first time. These maps show surprising complexity, with different morphologies seen in each night. The H3+ ion winds reveal multiple arcs of 0.5–1 km s−1 ion flows inside the main auroral emission. Although these arcs of flow occur in different locations each night, they show intricate structures, including mirrored flows on the dawn and dusk of the planet. These flows do not match with the predicted flows from models of either axisymmetric currents driven by the Solar Wind or outer magnetosphere, or the planetary periodic currents associated with Saturn's variable rotation rate. The average of the ion wind flows across all the nights reveals a single narrow and focused approximately 0.3 km s−1 flow on the dawn side and broader and more extensive 1–2 km s−1 sub-corotation, spilt into multiple arcs, on the dusk side. The temperature maps reveal sharp gradients in ionospheric temperatures, varying between 300 and 600 K across the auroral region. These temperature changes are localized, resulting in hot and cold spots across the auroral region. These appear to be somewhat stable over several nights, but change significantly over longer periods. The position of these temperature extremes is not well organized by the planetary period and there is no evidence for a thermospheric driver of the planetary period current system. Since no past magnetospheric or thermospheric models explain the rich complexity observed here, these measurements represent a fantastic new resource, revealing the complexity of the interaction between Saturn's thermosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere.
AB - We present Keck-NIRSPEC observations of Saturn's H3+ aurora taken over a period of a month, in support of the Cassini mission's ‘Grand Finale’. These observations produce two-dimensional maps of Saturn's H3+ temperature and ion winds for the first time. These maps show surprising complexity, with different morphologies seen in each night. The H3+ ion winds reveal multiple arcs of 0.5–1 km s−1 ion flows inside the main auroral emission. Although these arcs of flow occur in different locations each night, they show intricate structures, including mirrored flows on the dawn and dusk of the planet. These flows do not match with the predicted flows from models of either axisymmetric currents driven by the Solar Wind or outer magnetosphere, or the planetary periodic currents associated with Saturn's variable rotation rate. The average of the ion wind flows across all the nights reveals a single narrow and focused approximately 0.3 km s−1 flow on the dawn side and broader and more extensive 1–2 km s−1 sub-corotation, spilt into multiple arcs, on the dusk side. The temperature maps reveal sharp gradients in ionospheric temperatures, varying between 300 and 600 K across the auroral region. These temperature changes are localized, resulting in hot and cold spots across the auroral region. These appear to be somewhat stable over several nights, but change significantly over longer periods. The position of these temperature extremes is not well organized by the planetary period and there is no evidence for a thermospheric driver of the planetary period current system. Since no past magnetospheric or thermospheric models explain the rich complexity observed here, these measurements represent a fantastic new resource, revealing the complexity of the interaction between Saturn's thermosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere.
KW - Saturn’s aurora
KW - Saturn’s ionosphere
KW - ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling
KW - ionosphere–thermosphere coupling
KW - infrared astronomy
U2 - 10.1098/rsta.2018.0405
DO - 10.1098/rsta.2018.0405
M3 - Journal article
VL - 377
JO - Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
JF - Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
IS - 2154
M1 - 20180405
ER -