Rights statement: This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: M. P. Mercer, S. Affleck, E. M. Gavilán-Arriazu, A. A. Zülke, P. A. Maughan, S. Trivedi, M. Fichtner, A. Reddy Munnangi, E. P. M. Leiva, H. E. Hoster, ChemPhysChem 2022, e202100748. which has been published in final form at https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphc.202100748 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
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Final published version
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Sodiation of hard carbon
T2 - how separating enthalpy and entropy contributions can find transitions hidden in the voltage profile
AU - Mercer, Michael
AU - Affleck, Sam
AU - Gavilan-Arriazu, Edgardo Maximiliano
AU - Aragon Zulke, Alana
AU - Maughan, Phil
AU - Trivedi, Shivam
AU - Fichtner, Maximilan
AU - Reddy Munnangi, Anji
AU - Leiva, Ezequiel
AU - Hoster, Harry
N1 - This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: M. P. Mercer, S. Affleck, E. M. Gavilán-Arriazu, A. A. Zülke, P. A. Maughan, S. Trivedi, M. Fichtner, A. Reddy Munnangi, E. P. M. Leiva, H. E. Hoster, ChemPhysChem 2022, e202100748. which has been published in final form at https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphc.202100748 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
PY - 2022/3/31
Y1 - 2022/3/31
N2 - Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) utilise cheaper materials than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and can thus be used in larger scale applications. The preferred anode material is hard carbon, because sodium cannot be inserted into graphite. We apply experimental entropy profiling (EP), where the cell temperature is changed under open circuit conditions. EP has been used to characterise LIBs; here, we demonstrate the first application of EP to any NIB material. The voltage versus sodiation fraction curves (voltage profiles) of hard carbon lack clear features, consisting only of a slope and a plateau, making it difficult to clarify the structural features of hard carbon that could optimise cell performance. We find additional features through EP that are masked in the voltage profiles. We fit lattice gas models of hard carbon sodiation to experimental EP and system enthalpy, obtaining: 1. a theoretical maximum capacity, 2. interlayer versus pore filled sodium with state of charge.
AB - Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) utilise cheaper materials than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and can thus be used in larger scale applications. The preferred anode material is hard carbon, because sodium cannot be inserted into graphite. We apply experimental entropy profiling (EP), where the cell temperature is changed under open circuit conditions. EP has been used to characterise LIBs; here, we demonstrate the first application of EP to any NIB material. The voltage versus sodiation fraction curves (voltage profiles) of hard carbon lack clear features, consisting only of a slope and a plateau, making it difficult to clarify the structural features of hard carbon that could optimise cell performance. We find additional features through EP that are masked in the voltage profiles. We fit lattice gas models of hard carbon sodiation to experimental EP and system enthalpy, obtaining: 1. a theoretical maximum capacity, 2. interlayer versus pore filled sodium with state of charge.
KW - Thermodynamics
KW - Batteries
KW - Hard carbon
KW - Sodium-ion
KW - Entropy
U2 - 10.1002/cphc.202100748
DO - 10.1002/cphc.202100748
M3 - Journal article
VL - 23
JO - ChemPhysChem
JF - ChemPhysChem
SN - 1439-4235
IS - 5
M1 - e202100748
ER -