TY - JOUR

T1 - Swift/UVOT follow-up of gravitational wave alerts in the O3 era

AU - Oates, S R

AU - Marshall, F E

AU - Breeveld, A A

AU - Kuin, N P M

AU - Brown, P J

AU - De Pasquale, M

AU - Evans, P A

AU - Fenney, A J

AU - Gronwall, C

AU - Kennea, J A

AU - Klingler, N J

AU - Page, M J

AU - Siegel, M H

AU - Tohuvavohu, A

AU - Ambrosi, E

AU - Barthelmy, S D

AU - Beardmore, A P

AU - Bernardini, M G

AU - Campana, S

AU - Caputo, R

AU - Cenko, S B

AU - Cusumano, G

AU - D’Aì, A

AU - D’Avanzo, P

AU - D’Elia, V

AU - Giommi, P

AU - Hartmann, D H

AU - Krimm, H A

AU - Laha, S

AU - Malesani, D B

AU - Melandri, A

AU - Nousek, J A

AU - O’Brien, P T

AU - Osborne, J P

AU - Pagani, C

AU - Page, K L

AU - Palmer, D M

AU - Perri, M

AU - Racusin, J L

AU - Sakamoto, T

AU - Sbarufatti, B

AU - Schlieder, J E

AU - Tagliaferri, G

AU - Troja, E

PY - 2021/10/31

Y1 - 2021/10/31

N2 - In this paper, we report on the observational performance of the Swift Ultra-violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) in response to the gravitational wave (GW) alerts announced by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory and the Advanced Virgo detector during the O3 period. We provide the observational strategy for follow-up of GW alerts and provide an overview of the processing and analysis of candidate optical/UV sources. For the O3 period, we also provide a statistical overview and report on serendipitous sources discovered by Swift/UVOT. Swift followed 18 GW candidate alerts, with UVOT observing a total of 424 deg2. We found 27 sources that changed in magnitude at the 3σ level compared with archival u- or g-band catalogued values. Swift/UVOT also followed up a further 13 sources reported by other facilities during the O3 period. Using catalogue information, we divided these 40 sources into five initial classifications: 11 candidate active galactic nuclei (AGNs)/quasars, three cataclysmic variables (CVs), nine supernovae, 11 unidentified sources that had archival photometry, and six uncatalogued sources for which no archival photometry was available. We have no strong evidence to identify any of these transients as counterparts to the GW events. The 17 unclassified sources are likely a mix of AGN and a class of fast-evolving transient, and one source may be a CV.

AB - In this paper, we report on the observational performance of the Swift Ultra-violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) in response to the gravitational wave (GW) alerts announced by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory and the Advanced Virgo detector during the O3 period. We provide the observational strategy for follow-up of GW alerts and provide an overview of the processing and analysis of candidate optical/UV sources. For the O3 period, we also provide a statistical overview and report on serendipitous sources discovered by Swift/UVOT. Swift followed 18 GW candidate alerts, with UVOT observing a total of 424 deg2. We found 27 sources that changed in magnitude at the 3σ level compared with archival u- or g-band catalogued values. Swift/UVOT also followed up a further 13 sources reported by other facilities during the O3 period. Using catalogue information, we divided these 40 sources into five initial classifications: 11 candidate active galactic nuclei (AGNs)/quasars, three cataclysmic variables (CVs), nine supernovae, 11 unidentified sources that had archival photometry, and six uncatalogued sources for which no archival photometry was available. We have no strong evidence to identify any of these transients as counterparts to the GW events. The 17 unclassified sources are likely a mix of AGN and a class of fast-evolving transient, and one source may be a CV.

U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stab2189

DO - 10.1093/mnras/stab2189

M3 - Journal article

VL - 507

SP - 1296

EP - 1317

JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

SN - 0035-8711

IS - 1

ER -