Following the “historic agreement” at COP21 – including the agreement to limit temperature increases to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels - the EU must continue to reduce the level of observed discrepancy between official and real- world vehicle emissions. This can be achieved by improving the type-approval process (including the introduction of Real-World Driving legislation), and correcting the inefficient in-use compliance, enforcement, and maintenance program. This can be achieved in three steps:1. Independent Type Approval2. In-use conformity testing3. Inspection & Maintenance At COP22, the EU can work towards these goals by negotiations with the principle manufacturing nations in an attempt to deepen the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure and with the U.S. to further its Inspection & Maintenance program.