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Research

Dr Muhammad Bilal

Senior Lecturer in Computer Science

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  1. 2025
  2. Published

    M-SOS: Mobility-Aware Secured Offloading and Scheduling in Dew-Enabled Vehicular Fog of Things

    Rajareddy, G. N. V., Mishra, K., Majhi, S. K., Sahoo, K. S. & Bilal, M., 30/04/2025, In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 26, 4, p. 4851-4864 14 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  3. Published

    Optimizing alpha–beta filter for enhanced predictions accuracy in industrial applications using Mamdani fuzzy inference system

    Khan, J., Fayaz, M., Zaman, U., Lee, E., Balobaid, A. S., Bilal, M. & Kim, K., 30/04/2025, In: Alexandria Engineering Journal. 119, p. 598-608 11 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  4. Published

    Digital Twins-Assisted Service Recommendation with Preference Prediction in 6G-Enabled Edge Computing

    Liu, G., Bilal, M., Xu, X. & Xia, X., 31/03/2025, In: IEEE Communications Magazine. 63, 3, p. 54-60 7 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  5. E-pub ahead of print

    Federated learning with adaptive local aggregation for privacy-aware recommender systems in Internet of Vehicles

    Cheng, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, W. & Bilal, M., 31/08/2025, In: Information Sciences. 710, 122100.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  6. E-pub ahead of print

    Deep Reinforcement Learning and SQP-driven task offloading decisions in vehicular edge computing networks

    Mustafa, E., Shuja, J., Rehman, F., Namoun, A., Bilal, M. & Bilal, K., 31/05/2025, In: Computer Networks. 262, 111180.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  7. Forthcoming

    Socially beneficial metaverse: Framework, technologies, applications, and challenges

    Xu, X., Zhou, X., Bilal, M., Zeadally, S., Crowcroft, J., Qi, L. & Xue, S., 6/03/2025, (Accepted/In press) In: Computer Networks. 111198.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  8. Published

    MW-UNet: Multi-Scale Weighted Connection UNet for Identification and Classification of Non-Meteorological Clutter over Big Radar Dat

    Cui, M., Zeng, C., Xu, X., Bilal, M. & Xia, X., 28/02/2025, In: Big Data Mining and Analytics. 8, 1, p. 65-77 13 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  9. Published

    REFOL: Resource-Efficient Federated Online Learning for Traffic Flow Forecasting

    Liu, Q., Sun, S., Liang, Y., Xu, X., Liu, M., Bilal, M., Wang, Y., Li, X. & Zheng, Y., 28/02/2025, In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 26, 2, p. 2777-2792 16 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  10. Published

    VEC-Sim: A simulation platform for evaluating service caching and computation offloading policies in Vehicular Edge Networks

    Wu, F., Xu, X., Bilal, M., Wang, X., Cheng, H. & Wu, S., 28/02/2025, In: Computer Networks. 257, 110985.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  11. E-pub ahead of print

    DeepILS: Towards Accurate Domain Invariant AIoT-enabled Inertial Localization System

    Tariq, O., Dastagir, B., Bilal, M. & Han, D., 5/02/2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  12. Published

    Blockchain‐enabled decentralized service selection for QoS ‐aware cloud manufacturing

    Meng, K., Wu, Z., Bilal, M., Xia, X. & Xu, X., 31/01/2025, In: Expert Systems. 42, 1, e13602.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  13. Published

    End-Edge Collaborative Inference of Convolutional Fuzzy Neural Networks for Big Data-Driven Internet of Things

    Hu, Y., Xu, X., Duan, L., Bilal, M., Wang, Q. & Dou, W., 31/01/2025, In: IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 33, 1, p. 203-217 15 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  14. Published

    Federated learning-based private medical knowledge graph for epidemic surveillance in internet of things

    Wu, X., Gao, J., Bilal, M., Dai, F., Xu, X., Qi, L. & Dou, W., 31/01/2025, In: Expert Systems. 42, 1, e13372.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  15. E-pub ahead of print

    Privacy-Aware Edge Computation Offloading With Federated Learning in Healthcare Consumer Electronics System

    Fei, Y., Fang, H., Yan, Z., Qi, L., Bilal, M., Li, Y., Xu, X. & Zhou, X., 28/01/2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  16. 2024
  17. Published

    Adaptive ubiquitous learning for server deployment and distributed offloading in UAV-enhanced IoV

    Wang, W., Fei, W., Bilal, M. & Xu, X., 31/12/2024, In: Computers in Human Behavior. 161, 108393.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  18. Published

    Congestion-Aware Path Planning With Vehicle-Road Cooperation in AIoV

    Liu, G., Bilal, M., Wang, Q. & Xu, X., 15/12/2024, In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 11, 24, p. 39629-39636

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  19. Published

    PHyPO: Priority-based Hybrid task Partitioning and Offloading in mobile computing using automated machine learning

    Bano, S., Abbas, G., Bilal, M., Abbas, Z. H., Ali, Z., Waqas, M. & Dao, N.-N. (Editor), 12/12/2024, In: PLoS One. 19, 12, e0314198.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  20. Published

    Intelligent architecture and platforms for private edge cloud systems: A review

    Xu, X., Zang, S., Bilal, M., Xu, X. & Dou, W., 30/11/2024, In: Future Generation Computer Systems. 160, p. 457-471 15 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  21. Forthcoming

    Distributed service caching with deep reinforcement learning for sustainable edge computing in large-scale AI

    Liu, W., Bilal, M., Shi, Y. & Xu, X., 17/11/2024, (Accepted/In press) In: Digital Communications and Networks.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  22. Published

    Dual-Wide Multi-Band (DWMB) four-port flexible MIMO antenna for on-body multiple wireless applications including high diversity performance

    Sharma, M., Sharma, K., Rao Kapula, P., Nayyar, A., Bilal, M. & Hussain, M. (Editor), 4/11/2024, In: PLoS One. 19, 11, e0309690.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  23. Published

    AI-Based Learning Model for Sociocybernetic Systems in Web of Things: An Efficient and Accurate Decision-Making Procedure

    Singh, P., Rathee, G., Kerrache, C. A., Bilal, M., Calafate, C. T. & Wang, H., 31/10/2024, In: IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine. 10, 4, p. 40-48 9 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  24. Published

    Optimizing CNN Inference Speed over Big Social Data through Efficient Model Parallelism for Sustainable Web of Things

    Hu, Y., Xu, X., Bilal, M., Zhong, W., Liu, Y., Kou, H. & Kong, L., 31/10/2024, In: Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 192, 104927.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  25. Published

    Enhancing DDoS detection in SDIoT through effective feature selection with SMOTE-ENN

    Behera, A., Sagar Sahoo, K., Kumara Mishra, T., Nayyar, A., Bilal, M. & Alex, S. A. (Editor), 17/10/2024, In: PLoS One. 19, 10, e0309682.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  26. Published

    Optimizing prediction accuracy in dynamic systems through neural network integration with Kalman and alpha-beta filters

    Khan, J., Zaman, U., Lee, E., Balobaid, A. S., Aburasain, R. Y., Bilal, M., Kim, K. & Deng, M. (Editor), 16/10/2024, In: PLoS One. 19, 10, e0311734.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  27. Published

    A cloud-edge service offloading method for the metaverse in smart manufacturing

    Xiang, H., Zhang, X. & Bilal, M., 30/09/2024, In: Software - Practice and Experience. 54, 9, p. 1714-1732 19 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  28. Published

    Potential Game Based Distributed IoV Service Offloading With Graph Attention Networks in Mobile Edge Computing

    Jiang, Q., Xu, X., Bilal, M., Crowcroft, J., Liu, Q., Dou, W. & Jiang, J., 30/09/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 25, 9, p. 10912-10925 13 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  29. E-pub ahead of print

    A Novel Approach for Sentiment Analysis of a Low Resource Language Using Deep Learning Models

    Ahmed, N., Amin, R., Aldabbas, H., Saeed, M., Bilal, M. & Song, H., 23/09/2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing (TALLIP).

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  30. Published

    TOFDS: A Two-Stage Task Execution Method for Fake News in Digital Twin-Empowered Socio-Cyber World

    Peng, K., Zhao, B., Ling, C., Bilal, M., Xu, X. & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., 31/08/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 11, 4, p. 5178-5188 10 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  31. Published

    Understanding Large-Scale Network Effects in Detecting Review Spammers

    Rout, J. K., Sahoo, K. S., Dalmia, A., Bakshi, S., Bilal, M. & Song, H., 31/08/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 11, 4, 11 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  32. Published

    Secrecy Outage Probability for RSMA-based ISATNs with Imperfect Hardware

    Guo, K., Li, X., Bilal, M., Nauman, A., Wu, M. & Zhou, F., 20/08/2024, ICC 2024 - IEEE International Conference on Communications. Valenti, M., Reed, D. & Torres, M. (eds.). IEEE, p. 5147-5152 6 p. (IEEE International Conference on Communications).

    Research output: Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings - With ISBN/ISSN › Conference contribution/Paper › peer-review

  33. Published

    Robust and Lightweight Authentication for Securing Communication in the Internet-of-Drones (IoD) Environment

    Ullah Jan, S., Bilal, M., Ghani, A., Khan, S., Ahmad, R. & Kim, D. H., 13/08/2024, IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, INFOCOM WKSHPS 2024. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., (IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, INFOCOM WKSHPS 2024).

    Research output: Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings - With ISBN/ISSN › Conference contribution/Paper › peer-review

  34. Published

    Blockchain-Assisted Lightweight Authenticated Key Agreement Security Framework for Smart Vehicles-Enabled Intelligent Transportation System

    Badshah, A., Abbas, G., Waqas, M., Muhammad, F., Abbas, Z. H., Bilal, M. & Song, H., 31/07/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. 21, 3, p. 2425-2439 15 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  35. Published

    Asynchronous Federated Learning for Vehicular Edge Caching of Consumer Content

    Xu, X., Bao, G. & Bilal, M., 1/07/2024, In: IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine. 13, 4, p. 17-23 6 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  36. Published

    A Survey of Edge Caching: Key Issues and Challenges

    Li, H., Sun, M., Xia, F., Xu, X. & Bilal, M., 30/06/2024, In: Tsinghua Science and Technology. 29, 3, p. 818-842 25 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  37. Published

    Deep Neural Networks meet computation offloading in mobile edge networks: Applications, taxonomy, and open issues

    Mustafa, E., Shuja, J., Rehman, F., Riaz, A., Maray, M., Bilal, M. & Khan, M. K., 30/06/2024, In: Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 226, 103886.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  38. Published

    GAMap: A Genetic Algorithm based Effective Virtual Data Center Re-Embedding Strategy

    Satpathy, A., Sahoo, M. N., Swain, C., Bilal, M., Bakshi, S. & Song, H., 30/06/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking. 8, 2, p. 791-801

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  39. Published

    UReslham: Radar reflectivity inversion for smart agriculture with spatial federated learning over geostationary satellite observations

    Jin, Z., Xu, X., Bilal, M., Wu, S. & Lin, H., 30/06/2024, In: Computational Intelligence. 40, 3, e12684.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  40. Published

    XRL-SHAP-Cache: an explainable reinforcement learning approach for intelligent edge service caching in content delivery networks

    Xu, X., Wu, F., Bilal, M., Xia, X., Dou, W., Yao, L. & Zhong, W., 27/06/2024, In: Science China Information Sciences. 67, 7, 170303.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  41. E-pub ahead of print

    Improving stock market prediction accuracy using sentiment and technical analysis

    Agrawal, S., Kumar, N., Rathee, G., Kerrache, C. A., Calafate, C. T. & Bilal, M., 26/06/2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Electronic Commerce Research.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  42. Published

    Intelligent IoT- and UAV-Assisted Architecture for Pipeline Monitoring in OGI

    Karam, S. N., Bilal, K., Shuja, J., Khan, L. U., Bilal, M. & Khan, M. K., 26/06/2024, In: IT Professional. 26, 3, p. 46-54 9 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  43. Published

    Routing attack induced anomaly detection in IoT network using RBM-LSTM

    Sahay, R., Nayyar, A., Shrivastava, R. K., Bilal, M., Singh, S. P. & Pack, S., 22/06/2024, In: ICT Express. p. 459-464 5 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  44. Published

    Charging Support Communication System Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication for Electric Vehicles

    Khan, A., Saeed, A., Ullah, F., Bilal, M., Muhammad, Y. & El-Sayed, H., 31/05/2024, In: Computer. 57, 5, p. 67-77 11 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  45. E-pub ahead of print

    A secure and transparent communication mechanism based on blockchain and fuzzy evaluation matrix in metaverse industry 4.0

    Kerrache, C. A., Rathee, G., Lahby, M., Vegni, A. M., Bilal, M. & Ferrag, M. A., 18/05/2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  46. Published

    Distributed Edge Caching for Zero Trust-Enabled Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach

    Xu, X., Zhou, X., Zhou, X., Bilal, M., Qi, L., Xia, X. & Dou, W., 30/04/2024, In: IEEE Wireless Communications. 31, 2, p. 36-41 6 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  47. Published

    Multi-Objective Task-Aware Offloading and Scheduling Framework for Internet of Things Logistics

    Umer, A., Ali, M., Jehangiri, A. I., Bilal, M. & Shuja, J., 9/04/2024, In: Sensors. 24, 8

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  48. Published

    FADNet: Greenhouse Identification with Fusion Attention Mechanism and Deformable Convolution

    Liu, J., Xu, X., Bilal, M. & Jiang, J., 1/04/2024, In: IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 17, p. 7170 - 7178 8 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  49. Published

    SMART: A Secure Remote Sensing Solution for Smart Cities’ Urban Areas

    Rathee, G., Kerrache, C. A., Calafate, C. T., Bilal, M. & Song, H., 1/04/2024, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 24, 7, p. 11553-11561

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  50. Published

    Unraveling Quantum Computing System Architectures An Extensive Survey of Cutting Edge Paradigms: An extensive survey of cutting-edge paradigms

    Zhao, X., Xu, X., Qi, L., Xia, X., Bilal, M., Gong, W. & Kou, H., 31/03/2024, In: Information and Software Technology. 167, 107380.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  51. Published

    Edge Computation Offloading With Content Caching in 6G-Enabled IoV

    Zhou, X., Bilal, M., Dou, R., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Zhao, Q., Dai, J. & Xu, X., 1/03/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 25, 3, p. 2733 - 2747 15 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

  52. Published

    A Federated Deep Learning Framework for Privacy-Preserving Consumer Electronics Recommendations

    Wu, J., Zhang, J., Bilal, M., Han, F., Victor, N. & Xu, X., 29/02/2024, In: IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. 70, 1, p. 2628 - 2638 11 p.

    Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › Journal article › peer-review

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