Modern Generative Second Language Acquisition (GenSLA) examines many aspects of acquisition and processing that transcend access to Universal Grammar in adulthood, though the connections between GenSLA and neurolinguistics are limited. Notwithstanding, formal and neurolinguistic inquiry inform one another meaningfully, particularly in the domain of second language (L2) acquisition and processing. This chapter discusses the L2 acquisition and processing of grammatical gender and non-local dependencies by examining the history of GenSLA and its modern turn, including pertinent neurolinguistic methods and questions. In so doing, the chapter addresses questions such as ultimate attainment and the tenability of a critical period for L2 acquisition.