Rights statement: Copyright 2022 American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Journal of Chemical Physics, 157 (19), 2022 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128074 This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Thermodynamics of stationary states of the ideal gas in a heat flow
AU - Makuch, Karol
AU - Hołyst, Robert
AU - Maciołek, Anna
AU - Zuk, Pawel
N1 - Copyright 2022 American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Journal of Chemical Physics, 157 (19), 2022 and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128074 This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.
PY - 2022/11/21
Y1 - 2022/11/21
N2 - There is a long-standing question as to whether and to what extent it is possible to describe nonequilibrium systems in stationary states in terms of global thermodynamic functions. The positive answers have been obtained only for isothermal systems or systems with small temperature differences. We formulate thermodynamics of the stationary states of the ideal gas subjected to heat flow in the form of the zeroth, first, and second law. Surprisingly, the formal structure of steady state thermodynamics is the same as in equilibrium thermodynamics. We rigorously show that U satisfies the following equation dU= T* dS* -pdV for a constant number of particles, irrespective of the shape of the container, boundary conditions, size of the system, or mode of heat transfer into the system. We calculate S* and T* explicitly. The theory selects stable nonequilibrium steady states in a multistable system of ideal gas subjected to volumetric heating. It reduces to equilibrium thermodynamics when heat flux goes to zero.
AB - There is a long-standing question as to whether and to what extent it is possible to describe nonequilibrium systems in stationary states in terms of global thermodynamic functions. The positive answers have been obtained only for isothermal systems or systems with small temperature differences. We formulate thermodynamics of the stationary states of the ideal gas subjected to heat flow in the form of the zeroth, first, and second law. Surprisingly, the formal structure of steady state thermodynamics is the same as in equilibrium thermodynamics. We rigorously show that U satisfies the following equation dU= T* dS* -pdV for a constant number of particles, irrespective of the shape of the container, boundary conditions, size of the system, or mode of heat transfer into the system. We calculate S* and T* explicitly. The theory selects stable nonequilibrium steady states in a multistable system of ideal gas subjected to volumetric heating. It reduces to equilibrium thermodynamics when heat flux goes to zero.
KW - General Physics and Astronomy
KW - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
U2 - 10.1063/5.0128074
DO - 10.1063/5.0128074
M3 - Journal article
VL - 157
JO - Journal of Chemical Physics
JF - Journal of Chemical Physics
SN - 0021-9606
IS - 19
ER -